Fwd: Who Controls Space

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From: launchspace <info@launchspace.com>
Date: February 16, 2021 at 8:00:39 AM CST
To: Bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com
Subject: Who Controls Space
Reply-To: info@launchspace.com

February 16, 2021 Who Controls Space   (Launchspace Staff Writers)   Bethesda, MD – It is well known that the Straits of Gibraltar provide access to the Mediterranean Sea. In terms of strategic importance, this geographic phenomenon provides a control point for all seagoing traffic between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Is there an analogous strategic structure for access to space?  For low-Earth orbit (LEO) traffic there is such a geographic phenomenon. Thanks to the physics of orbital mechanics, the equatorial plane offers the potential to act as an access-control point. The underlying reason is that all LEO traffic must cross the equator within every 50-minute time interval. This means that every satellite in every LEO constellation must cross the same plane twice per circuit around the Earth. If some entity were to place an offensive/defensive system in equatorial orbit, this could potentially control all near-Earth space operations. Such a concept could represent the foundation for a space-control architecture. Imagine a scenario in which the US Space Force (USSF) might want to control all LEO operations. It is conceivable that one or more armed military space stations could be placed over the equator with crews that consist of USSF Guardians who operate a variety of onboard and ground-based weapons. Such vehicles could be equipped with docking ports to allow rendezvous and docking of other spacecraft for crew transfers and resupply activities. Currently, there is only one fully operational and permanently inhabited space station in LEO, the International Space Station (ISS). This huge spacecraft is over 20 years old and is used to provide an orbiting facility for studying the effects of spaceflight on the human body and for conducting many long-length scientific studies. Because China, India, Russia and the US are planning other stations for the coming decades, space is already heavily contested by several spacefaring nations. There are already many adversarial operations in LEO and these seem to be intensifying. A primary mission of the USSF is to protect space assets and maintain US space superiority. Equatorial orbits for space stations have not previously been considered. All prior space stations have been flown in orbits that cover most of the populated Earth. In other words, their orbits are inclined relative to the equatorial plane. The ISS is in an orbit that is inclined 51.6 degrees away from the equator. This orbital inclination was selected to accommodate Russian launch-site constraints while offering coverage of most populated areas. Without Russian participation the ISS orbit could have been inclined at 28.4 degrees, the latitude of the US launch site at Cape Canaveral. Unfortunately, the use of inclined orbits imposes certain limitations on launch timing and orbital operations as compared to equatorial destinations. The use of an equatorial launch site would relieve certain constraints. For example, all spacecraft that are sent to the ISS have very narrow launch windows because liftoff can only occur as the launch site passes through the plane of the ISS orbit. If a planned launch window is missed, there is a one-day launch delay. A launch from an equatorial launch site to an equatorial space station can occur at any time because the launch site is always in the plane of the station. This geometrical convenience is also true for reusable transport vehicles, i.e., reentry will always bring the vehicle back to the equator. A number of on-orbit operations can be simplified when operating in equatorial orbits. Maneuvering propellant is minimal because no plane changes are required for rendezvous and servicing of satellites. Rescue operations can be conducted at any time. On the adverse side, surveillance of the Earth's surface is limited to near-equator regions and launch operations would require an equatorial spaceport. Nevertheless, there may be important national security advantages for over-the-equator stations. Featured New Short Course – available for customized presentation: Live and Online Contact Launchspace for a quote: info@launchspace.com Introduction to Space Systems Engineering   DURATION: THREE DAYS LOCATION: LIVE/ONLINE COURSE NO.: 1155   COURSE SUMMARY This course acquaints both the engineer and support personnel with the meaning, terms used, techniques, advantages and challenges of Systems Engineering for space and related industries. The course deals with the systems approach, managing and successfully implementing a contract, program or project from inception through its life in the field. Each element in a program is taken from concept, definition and design, through fabrication, test and operation of the end product by addressing systems engineering techniques for each step. Topics include requirements identification and development, program planning and control, system design, system integration, risk management and cost controls. COURSE MATERIALS: Include extensive notes and reference materials. WHO SHOULD ATTEND: This introductory course addresses the major aspects of systems engineering and is directed toward a broad spectrum of company employees, ranging from the engineers beginning their careers to managers from specialty engineering design groups or functional support organizations - all of whom will benefit from knowledge of systems engineering techniques in performance of their job assignments. The course does not require graduate or undergraduate degrees.  WHAT YOU WILL LEARN: This course teaches an engineering approach which emphasizes addressing all aspects of a system: its requirements, interfaces, cost constraints, design options and trade-off techniques for carrying out a successful program. The course highlights the importance of understanding, addressing and verifying requirements and how requirements must permeate every aspect of program activities. Functional Analysis/Functional Flow diagrams are introduced as a key method of addressing and verifying requirements. System design methods, sequences, trade studies and interfaces are then covered to follow a typical program progression. Supporting the analyses required in a design cycle are summarized along with explanation, examples and use of the "ilities" (reliability, availability, maintainability, etc.). The important aspects of proper program planning and control, cost estimating and cost containment, risk management and mitigation and the use of metrics to measure the performance and health of the program are also presented. COURSE OUTLINE: 1..Introduction. Review of recent space and aviation failures due to lack of Systems Engineering; What is Systems Engineering? 2..Requirements, Functional Analysis (FA) and Specifications. Identification of requirement types (e.g., Functional, Performance, Operational, Test, Interface); how developed, allocated and verified. Introduction to FA; Functional Flow Diagrams; requirements-to-functions (methods, sequences); requirements implementation. Specification levels (System, Segment, Element, Subsystem, Component); Spec "Trees" ("A", "B" and "C" levels). 3..System Design. The System Design Process and flow sequence; phases (Conceptual, Definition and Development). 4..Program Planning and Control (PP&C). Why PP&C is an important Systems Engineering Function; who does; management hints; tracking and measuring program performance; necessary Program Plans. 5..Trade Studies. Methods/types; the trade study step-by-step decision process; generating alternative candidates; trade study "pitfalls"/cautions; KT (Kepner/Tregoe) method training. 6..Systems Integration and Systems Interfaces. Integration tasks (e.g., defining, controlling, documenting, compatibility of, and verifying interfaces); other Interface/Integration activities (e.g., policies, schematics, Interface Working Groups, operations and schedules). 7..Operations (Ops) Analysis. Ops requirements and analysis; Ops Concept and flow; allocating operations functions to hardware and procedures. 8..Compatibility Analysis. Major types (electrical, mechanical, software/hardware interfaces); what to check; a "how to" outline; margin analyses. 9..The "'ilities". Namely, Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Human Factors/Human Engineering, Producability, Safety, Security, EMI/EMC; some "how-to's" of their use; cautions and risks. 10..Risk Management and Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA). Risk identification, assessment, quantification (high, medium, low) and prioritization; risk handling techniques; Risk Mitigation Plans – their content and use; FMEA: what it is; basic analysis method(s); as part of Hazards Analysis. 11.Systems Analysis. Types (e.g., program planning, ops profiles, system simulations, performance estimates, post-test comparisons); inputs required, sample tasks and expected outputs. 12..Metrics. What they are; types (Product [Technical Performance Measures – TPM's] and Process metrics); use of; how to collect; goals and goal setting; cautions and guides. 13..Concurrent Engineering, Technical Quality Management (TQM) and Integrated Product Development (IPD). What these are; why use (advantages)/how used; why they do/do not work; pros/cons of these three initiatives. 14..Costs/Cost Controls. Cost terms; technical cost estimating and "pitfalls"; details of "Life-cycle" costs; what is a "Design-to-Cost" program and how to implement. 14..Engineering Plans and "Lessons Learned" Program. Types of plans (e.g., Systems Engineering Management Plan, Master Program Plan, Configuration Management Plan, Software Development Plans, Safety Plans); typical contents; Collecting "lessons", documenting, distributing, using/non-use;  problems with such a "program". INSTRUCTOR: Dr. GP Sandhoo has over 30 years of experience in spacecraft, systems, missiles and guided munitions. He leads the Spacecraft Engineering Division of the Naval Center of Space Technology (NCST) at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). He provides executive direction and technical leadership on new and advanced space systems and technologies. He previously worked at NASA's Johnson Space Center, Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory, and in industry. He holds a Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland, a Master's degree in electrical engineering from Johns Hopkins University, Master's from the U.S. Naval War College, a Master's and a Doctorate in Aeronautics and Astronautics from George Washington University, and is a MIT Seminar XXI fellow. Currently, Sandhoo is a Captain in the U.S. Navy Reserve as an Engineering Duty Officer, and is qualified Space Cadre Officer (Space expert – VS8).  info@launchspace.com  (202) 258-6133 Launchspace Training Courses Here is a partial list of courses that we offer: 1040 Electromagnetic Environment Effects (E3) Testing 1050 Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft Acoustic Testing and Analysis 1060 Technologies and Systems for Space Debris Remediation 1125 Space Principles for Satellite and Launch Vehicle Professionals 1135 Space Vehicle Mechanisms: Elements of Successful Design 1136 Compliant Mechanism Design 1155 Introduction to Space Systems 2020 Orbital Mechanics & Cislunar Space Concepts 2022 Advanced Geostationary Orbital Mechanics 2035 Space Robotics: Design and Applications 2080 Spacecraft Avionics Systems Design and Applications 2100 Spacecraft Dynamics and Attitude Control 2110 Spacecraft Power System Design and Analysis 2200 Space Psychology: On-orbit and Cislunar Missions//Space Tourism 2210 Space Psychology: Lunar Missions//Space Tourism//Expeditions to Mars 3020 Satellite Communications 5010 Reusable Launch Vehicle Design, Systems and Operations 5030 Launch System Performance and Trajectory Design 5045 Launch Vehicle Environments, Loads and Testing for Compatibility 5046 Spacecraft Modal Testing 5060 Launch Vehicle Services Selection, Pricing, Contracting and Oversight 5070 Launch Vehicle Systems Design and Engineering 5075 Launch Vehicle Payload Integration 5080 Propulsion Systems for Launch Vehicles 5082 Propulsion Systems for Spacecraft 5085 Cryogenic Propulsion System Design 5090 Solid Rocket Motor Design and Applications 5095 Liquid Rocket Engine Design 5098 Advanced Liquid Rocket Engine Design Workshop 6000 Spaceport Fundamentals 6020 Space Mission Cost Estimation 6045 Spacecraft Program Management 6070 Facilitating Export Licensing of Space Systems For more details on courses see the Launchspace Catalog on our website: www.launchspace.com/course-catalog/ Alert! Instructors Wanted!   LAUNCHSPACE TRAINING WANTS YOU - Short course instructors are wanted to train Space Workforce professionals who need real-world, up-to-date training on engineering and management topics that increase productivity and on-the-job effectiveness. Launchspace has almost a half-century of experience in presenting these high-intensity short courses to government agencies and industry. Join our team of subject matter experts and gain the satisfaction of educating the Space Workforce. You can expect generous fees and travel expenses. Just let us know your area of space expertise and we will take it from there. info@launchspace.com Got One of These? Launchspace Training personnel have been providing special short courses to the space community since 1970. Early in his career, Dr. Marshall H. Kaplan realized that space professionals had limited resources in advancing their own space-related knowledge base and on-the-job training options. Over the last few decades this company has created and delivered hundreds of focused courses to thousands of engineers, managers and support personnel in the space community. All training subject matter and supporting materials are designed to increase knowledge and improve productivity associated with space technologies, systems and operations. These topics are not offered in a university setting. Over the past 20 years, Launchspace has been offering company-specific courses that are tailored to the requirements of any given company to train its own personnel. These courses are presented on-site by experts in the particular subject areas. Such offerings have proven to be very cost-effective and efficient. Every major space organization in North America and Europe has taken advantage of Launchspace's Training programs. This includes government agencies such as NASA, USAF and several other offices of the Department of Defense. Course topics cover almost every aspect of space flight from launch vehicle technologies to orbital mechanics to spacecraft design. Our customized courses are offered at client locations in support of mission requirements and to expand the expertise of professional staff members. In addition, a few high-demand public classes are presented for open registration at selected conference locations. Contact us to discuss a customized training program for your professionals:   info@launchspace.com  (202) 258-6133 See our website for a listing of example course offerings LAUNCHSPACE is an educational and training organization dedicated to the continuing education of space professionals in support of the space community.  We offer the largest array of customized, live client-site and online courses to government agencies and industry. Click on www.Launchspace.com to see our extensive catalog of course offerings. Any of these can be customized for your needs, or we can create a new course for you. Through our training programs we have helped thousands of engineers and managers become more productive in their careers. Our courses and programs are unique and customized for our clients. We focus on critical skills in all areas of spaceflight, spacecraft and launch systems. Please contact us for more information about our programs at info@launchspace.com   Launchspace Training | Website ‌ ‌ ‌

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