Fwd: Human Spaceflight News - September 24, 2013

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Begin forwarded message:

> From: "Moon, Larry J. (JSC-EA411)" <larry.j.moon@nasa.gov>
> Date: September 24, 2013 6:43:48 AM GMT-06:00
> To: "Moon, Larry J. (JSC-EA411)" <larry.j.moon@nasa.gov>
> Subject: FW: Human Spaceflight News - September 24, 2013
>

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> Tuesday, September 24, 2013
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> Read JSC Today in your browser
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> Category Definitions
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> JSC TODAY CATEGORIES
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> Headlines
> - Innovation 2013: Mini-Innovation Event Today
> - Building 41 Demolition Tomorrow
> - Record Number of JSC Technologies in Tech Briefs
> - Astronaut Karen Nyberg Featured in Cosmopolitan
> - 13 Days of Safety & Health - Day 1 Infuenza
> - Visit Your Favorite Theme at Safety & Health Day
> - Your Voice Has Been Heard
> Organizations/Social
> - Human Systems Integration ERG Meeting Today
> - The College Money Guys
> - Emerge - The Next Generation Meet & Greet
> - Starport Jewelry Fair Today
> - JSC Holiday Bazaar: Vendor Applications Due Friday
> - Last Chance to Pre-Order Autographed Book
> - Creativity and Innovation
> Jobs and Training
> - Training Required for Admin Rights - MEP
> - Fall Financial Wellness Webinars and Counseling
> - HTC University at JSC Entrepreneurship Course
> - OCFO Employee Time and Attendance Charging Course
> - Job Opportunities
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> Soyuz Rolls Out to Launch Pad
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> Headlines
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> Innovation 2013: Mini-Innovation Event Today
> Innovation 2013 takes it to the next level with three more forums to get the JSC community "connecting" and "collaborating."
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> C3 Forums and Presenters:
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> • Robert Banfield/BA: "Connecting and Collaborating: How is JSC doing in the view of our partner organizations?"
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> • Lynn Buquo/SA: "The Crowd Outside Our Gates: How the NASA Center of Excellence for Collaborative Information (CoECI) Can Advance Your Project."
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> • Michael Kincaid/AD: "JSC External Relations 2.0: Check Out New Strategic Communications Approach"
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> Please register in SATERN and receive training credit for your choice of presentation. The links are included in our Innovation websites at https://innovation2013.jsc.nasa.gov/ (if you are at JSC) and http://i2013.jsc.nasa.gov/ (if you are external to JSC). Our websites also have a full description of each training event.
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> Event Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2013 Event Start Time:12:00 PM Event End Time:1:00 PM
> Event Location: Building 35 Collaboration Center
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> Add to Calendar
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> Suzan Thomas x48772 https://innovation2013.jsc.nasa.gov/ and http://i2013.jsc.nasa.gov/
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> Building 41 Demolition Tomorrow
> Building 41 will be demolished tomorrow, Sept. 25, at 8 a.m. Employees are welcome to come out and view the demolition from behind the barricade area.
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> Building 41 was originally built in 1969 as the Hypo/Hyperbaric Training Facility, which was used to train individuals on the physiological aspects of flight. In 1999, the building was renamed the Physiological Training Facility to reflect a change in name of the organization that utilized the facility.
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> After demolition, this area will be returned to native landscape.
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> Lisa Gurgos x48133
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> Record Number of JSC Technologies in Tech Briefs
> JSC has 13 new technologies, the highest number published for JSC in a single issue, featured in the September 2013 NASA Tech Briefs magazine.
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> The new JSC advanced research and technology innovations in the September publication include: Li-Ion Battery and Supercapacitor Hybrid Design for Long Extravehicular Activities; Next-Generation MKIII Lightweight HUT/Hatch Assembly; Ion Exchange Technology Development in Support of the Urine Processor Assembly; FRET-Aptamer Assays for Bone Marker Assessment; C-Telopeptide, Creatinine, and Vitamin D, Enigma Version 12; Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD) Shield Ballistic Limit Analysis Program; Wing Leading Edge RCC Rapid Response Damage Prediction Tool (IMPACT2); Automated Loads Analysis System (ATLAS); GFE Chutes Lo-Fi; Integrated Main Propulsion System Performance Reconstruction Process/Models; Kinect Engineering with Learning (KEWL); Jettison Engineering Trajectory Tool; and PredGuid+A: Orion Entry Guidance Modified for Aerocapture.
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> For details on these technologies and their inventors, visit the Strategic Opportunities & Partnership Development (SOPD) website.
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> Holly Kurth x32951
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> Astronaut Karen Nyberg Featured in Cosmopolitan
> Astronaut Karen Nyberg has been named in Cosmopolitan magazine's 2013 Cosmo Power List, highlighting women who "upgraded our world" this past year. Nyberg, who launched to space on May 28, encourages women to pursue their passions and embrace their ability to be technical and feminine.
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> See the list here.
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> Megan Sumner 281-792-7520
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> 13 Days of Safety & Health - Day 1 Infuenza
> To prepare for JSC's Safety & Health Day 2.0.13, we're kicking off 13 days of Safety & Health - highlighting important safety and health topics.
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> Day 1 - The Flu, or Influenza
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> A "typical" case of influenza can cause you to miss one to three weeks of work/school. A flu shot takes less than an hour from your workday, and costs range from zero to $30.
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> More than 200,000 people are hospitalized with influenza complications annually in the United States, and more than 36,000 die, making influenza and pneumonia the eighth leading cause of death.
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> Flu viruses spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing. Most adults may infect others beginning the first day, before symptoms develop, and up to five days after becoming ill.
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> Flu shots will be available on Safety & Health Day in the Building 30 lobby.
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> For more information, contact Robert Martel or click here.
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> Supricia Franklin/Angel Plaza x37817/x37305 http://sthday.jsc.nasa.gov/
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> Visit Your Favorite Theme at Safety & Health Day
> Bold, new, innovative—Oct. 10's Safety & Health Day will be easier to navigate than ever before. All booths will be organized into common areas color-coded for visual recognition. The different areas are: Pathway to Safety (green); Gateway to Wellness (blue); Animal Trail (tan); JSC for You (yellow); and Stimulation Hall (pink). Don't miss the self-defense demos in the green area, health screenings in the blue, our furry friends and not-so-cute bugs in the tan, organizational exhibits in yellow and the many activities taking place in the pink area at the Teague. We are populating the website, so visit often for more information and to print a color-coded map.
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> Event Date: Thursday, October 10, 2013 Event Start Time:10:00 AM Event End Time:12:30 PM
> Event Location: JSC Pond and Teague
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> Add to Calendar
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> Rindy Carmichael x45078
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> Your Voice Has Been Heard
> Summary of 2012 Survey Results
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> Results have been calculated for the November 2012 Safety Culture Survey. More than 1,000 employees participated, encompassing 11 percent of the JSC population - 62 percent contractor and 32 percent civil servant. According to the survey, ratings in all but one category were higher than the 2010 survey, showing that employees are, in general, very satisfied with the JSC safety culture. One question did fall short of 2010 results in the category of flexibility: "People in our organization manage change well." Based on reviewing comments and other survey results, this measure seems to be more associated with overall change in government. A number of actions are in work to address continuing efforts to bolster our safety culture. To learn more about the results of the survey, you can find more here.
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> David T. Loyd x31935
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> Organizations/Social
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> Human Systems Integration ERG Meeting Today
> Please bring your lunch and join us today at 11:30 a.m. as we elect new officers for the HSI Employee Resource Group (ERG) and discuss future goals and priorities.
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> Event Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2013 Event Start Time:11:30 AM Event End Time:12:30 PM
> Event Location: B1/220
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> Add to Calendar
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> Deb Neubek 281-222-3687 https://collaboration.ndc.nasa.gov/iierg/HSI/SitePages/Home.aspx
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> The College Money Guys
> The JSC Employee Assistance Program is happy to present Kris Lloyd with The College Money Guys. Lloyd will provide information on paying for college without going broke. If you are the parent of a high school student who plans to attend college, you need to attend this free workshop today, Sept. 24, at 12 noon in the Building 30 Auditorium.
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> Event Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2013 Event Start Time:12:00 PM Event End Time:1:00 PM
> Event Location: Building 30 Auditorium
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> Add to Calendar
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> Lorrie Bennett, Employee Assistance Program, Occupational Health Branch x36130
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> Emerge - The Next Generation Meet & Greet
> The JSC community is invited to celebrate Emerge, the center's new Employee Resource Group (ERG) for the next generation, tomorrow, Sept. 25, from noon to 1 p.m.
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> Our mission is to leverage the unique perspectives of the next generation to evolve the JSC onboarding experience, foster cross-center collaboration, engage the community in JSC's mission and develop the leaders of tomorrow!
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> Come network and participate in activities at our committee booths while learning how Emerge can benefit you. Refreshments will be provided!
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> For more information about this group, contact Elena C. Buhay.
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> Specific points of contact for this event: Mario Tijerina at 910-546-7385 or Ebony Fondren at 281-483-2490.
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> Event Date: Wednesday, September 25, 2013 Event Start Time:12:00 PM Event End Time:1:00 PM
> Event Location: Bldg 3 Collaboration Center
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> Add to Calendar
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> Elena C. Buhay 281-792-7976
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> Starport Jewelry Fair Today
> Masquerade Jewelry will be out today to showcase $5 jewelry! Stop by Building 3 from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. and experience the frenzy of $5 jewelry and accessories.
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> Event Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2013 Event Start Time:8:00 AM Event End Time:3:00 PM
> Event Location: Building 3
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> Add to Calendar
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> Shelly Haralson x39168 http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/
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> JSC Holiday Bazaar: Vendor Applications Due Friday
> The Starport JSC Holiday Bazaar at the Gilruth Center will be Nov. 9, and we are now taking applications for vendors. If you have special arts and crafts, jewelry, candles, holiday décor, baked goods and more that would be a great addition to our event, submit your application by Sept. 27 for consideration. The application and more information can be found on our website.
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> Shelly Haralson x39168 http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/
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> Last Chance to Pre-Order Autographed Book
> Starport is accepting presale orders for an upcoming book signing and speech by astronaut and author Tom Jones. Date and location to be announced. Books must be purchased at Starport. Choose "Skywalking" for $15.99 (soft cover), "Planetology" for $35 or "Hell Hawks" for $24.95. Reserve your copies today in the Buildings 3 and 11 Starport Gift Shops, or order online. No discounts apply for special purchase items.
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> Cyndi Kibby x47467
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> Creativity and Innovation
> Hugh Broughton Architects is a world-renowned architecture firm that designed the award-winning British Antarctica Halley VI research station. On Oct. 15, Hugh Broughton will present "Creativity and Innovation: Sustainable Architecture in Antarctica." Broughton is one of the world's leading architects of polar research facilities, following high-profile commissions such as Halley VI, the British Antarctic Survey's new research station on the floating Brunt Ice Shelf, Juan Carlos 1 Spanish Antarctic Base on Livingstone Island and the Atmospheric Watch Observatory at Summit Station in Greenland for the U.S. National Science Foundation. Please plan to join us for this inspiring lecture on creativity and innovation.
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> Event Date: Tuesday, October 15, 2013 Event Start Time:9:30 AM Event End Time:11:00 AM
> Event Location: B30 Auditorium
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> Add to Calendar
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> Kriss Kennedy x36629
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> Jobs and Training
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> Training Required for Admin Rights - MEP
> NASA is implementing Managed Elevated Privileges (MEP) on all IT devices to reduce the security risks. Everyone who needs elevated privileges (admin rights) must take training courses via SATERN by searching for "Elevated Privileges on NASA Information Systems" (ITS-002-09).
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> Deployment is beginning this week to the first of several pilot groups. This will happen in various stages, and your organizations will be notified in advance before they are scheduled for deployment. Once implemented, NASA end users will not be granted administrative rights to NASA IT resources without training and authorization. Please take appropriate actions to be sure you get your training and testing done before we start to deploy.
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> Additional information can be found here.
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> Heather Thomas x30901
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> Fall Financial Wellness Webinars and Counseling
> You've still got time to sharpen your financial IQ with Exploration Wellness. Even though financial wellness classes concluded this month, webinars and complimentary counseling will continue this fall. Turn education into action by learning the appropriate steps to follow with an expert. Family members are encouraged to participate. Enrollment details are at the link below.
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> Former students:
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> Anyone who was able to attend classes but has not scheduled their counseling session may still do so.
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> All employees:
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> Employees who wanted to attend classes but were unable to may take advantage of the complimentary financial counseling.
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> Fall Webinars:
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> FW101: Financial Wellness Foundation
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> FW102: Budgets, Debt, Insurance and Long-Term Care
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> FW103: Investing and Retirement
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> FW104: Taxes and Estates
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> FW105: Debt Free for Life
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> FW109: Financial Transitions
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> Enrollment Details are at this link.
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> Shelly Haralson x39168 http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/
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> HTC University at JSC Entrepreneurship Course
> Interested in learning how to turn your ideas and expertise into a company? Learn how by attending HTC University at JSC, Foundations of Entrepreneurship and Starting a Business Course.
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> Friday, Sept. 27, 7:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.
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> This one day course will focus on the fundamentals of starting a business. You will leave HTC University with a better understanding of how to bring your company to fruition and take home materials to enact a plan to start your business.
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> Preparing a business plan
> Business structure and ownership
> Financial assumptions and projects
> Marketing
> Financing alternatives
> Register now here.
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> Event Date: Friday, September 27, 2013 Event Start Time:7:30 AM Event End Time:3:30 PM
> Event Location: 2200 NASA Road 1 Houston, TX 77058
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> Add to Calendar
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> Evelyn Boatman 281-244-8271
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> OCFO Employee Time and Attendance Charging Course
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> As part of the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO) subject-matter expert course series, Bridget Broussard-Guidry and Joan Johnson will lead an Employee Time and Attendance Charging course focusing on all of the leave requirements and special hour types in WebTADS. The course will cover how to charge time under different circumstances and the rules pertaining to each type so that all learners will be in full compliance with JSC and agency policy. An example of a Leave and Earnings Statement from Employee Express will be reviewed and explained in detail as well. The course is scheduled for Thursday, Oct. 17, from 2 to 3 p.m. in Building 45, Room 251. WebEx for the offering is available also. Please register in SATERN via one of the links below or by searching the catalog for the course title.
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> Class SATERN direct link: https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_...
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> WebEx SATERN direct link: https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_...
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> Bridget Broussard-Guidry x34718
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> Job Opportunities
> Where do I find job opportunities?
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> Both internal Competitive Placement Plan (CPP) and external JSC job announcements are posted on the Human Resources (HR) Portal and USAJOBS website. Through the HR portal, civil servants can view summaries of all the agency jobs that are currently open at: https://hr.nasa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/employees_home/239/job_opportu...
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> To help you navigate to JSC vacancies, use the filter drop-down menu and select "JSC HR." The "Jobs" link will direct you to the USAJOBS website for the complete announcement and the ability to apply online. If you have questions about any JSC job vacancies, please call your HR representative.
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> Lisa Pesak x30476
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> JSC Today is compiled periodically as a service to JSC employees on an as-submitted basis. Any JSC organization or employee may submit articles.
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> Disclaimer: Accuracy and content of these notes are the responsibility of the submitters.
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> No virus found in this message.
> Checked by AVG - www.avg.com
> Version: 2013.0.3408 / Virus Database: 3222/6687 - Release Date: 09/21/13
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> NASA TV: www.nasa.gov/ntv
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> · 7:40 am Central (8:40 EDT) – E37's Luca Parmitano interview with BBC World News
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> · 2 pm Central (3 EDT) – File: Russian State Commission mtg & E37/38 pre-launch news conf.
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> Human Spaceflight News
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> Tuesday – September 24, 2013
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> Soyuz TMA-10M on Site 1 launch pad at Baikonur awaiting 3:58:50 pm Central Wednesday liftoff (Carla Cioffi)
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> HEADLINES AND LEADS
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> Rocket with Soyuz TMA-10M spacecraft installed at Baikonur launch pad
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> Itar-Tass
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> The Soyuz-FG carrier rocket with the Soyuz TMA-10M manned spacecraft taken out of the operations and checkout facility and installed on the Gagarin launch pad of the Baikonur cosmodrome, an official of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) said. "The roll-out of the rocket and its lacing on the launch pad passed in a normal mode," he added. The new space expedition will be launched on the Soyuz TMA-10M spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS) early morning September 26. The main ISS crew consists of Russian Federal Space Agency cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergei Ryazansky, as well as NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins. Their backups are Russian cosmonauts Alexander Skvortsov and Oleg Artemyev and NASA astronaut Steven Swanson. On Tuesday, September 24, the state commission, chaired by first deputy head of the Russian Federal Space Agency Oleg Frolov, will finally approve the membership of the crew that will fly to the ISS on Thursday. (NO FURTHER TEXT)
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> Longer delay for space station delivery mission
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> Marcia Dunn - Associated Press
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> A new commercial spaceship will wait all week before aiming again for the International Space Station. Orbital Sciences Corp.'s Cygnus capsule was supposed to arrive Sunday, four days after its launch. But the rendezvous was aborted because of a discrepancy in navigation data between the two vessels. The Virginia company has developed and tested a software repair to sync up the two sets of GPS data. Different formats inadvertently were used for reporting time, said company spokesman Barron Beneski. NASA's Bruce Manners, a commercial space project executive, called it a "very small, simple fix."
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> New cargo ship's docking at space station delayed to Saturday
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> Irene Klotz - Reuters
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> A traffic jam at the International Space Station is prompting a second delay in the arrival of a new commercial cargo ship that is making a test run to the orbital outpost, officials said on Monday. The docking of the Cygnus freighter was retargeted for Saturday to avoid conflicting with Wednesday's scheduled arrival of new crew members at the space station. Orbital Sciences originally had planned to fly the Cygnus to the station on Sunday following four days of maneuvers and communications tests. A problem processing navigation data from the space station early on Sunday forced the rendezvous to be rescheduled for Tuesday.
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> ISS won't face orbital traffic jam
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> Cygnus cargo ship will dock at least three days after Soyuz does
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> James Dean - Florida Today
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> Easing an orbital traffic jam, NASA and its partners nixed the possibility of back-to-back spacecraft arrivals at the International Space Station today and Wednesday. A Russian Soyuz spacecraft carrying a NASA astronaut and two crewmates remains scheduled to dock at the orbiting research complex late Wednesday, about six hours after blasting off from Kazakhstan. But instead of trying to squeeze in a rendezvous today, an unmanned Cygnus cargo ship on its maiden flight won't approach the station before Saturday, 10 days after its launch from Virginia, officials said Monday.
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> Cargo Ship Docking at Space Station Is Delayed
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> Kenneth Chang – New York Times
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> A commercial cargo spacecraft, which was to dock at the International Space Station on Sunday, will not make its second attempt until at least Saturday. It is the first flight of the unmanned Cygnus cargo ship built by Orbital Sciences of Dulles, Va. Orbital said it fixed the software glitch that aborted the approach, but a traffic jam — three astronauts are to arrive on a Russian Soyuz on Wednesday — will delay the docking. (NO FURTHER TEXT)
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> Software glitch delays Cygnus capsule's docking with Space Station
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> Lee Roop - Huntsville Times
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> Orbital Sciences Corp. says it has solved the communications problem that stopped its Cygnus capsule from approaching the International Space Station Sunday. That data transfer problem delayed the planned rendezvous between the capsule and the station by 48 hours until Tuesday morning. Orbital is attempting to become the second commercial space company after SpaceX to send an uncrewed supply capsule to the station under NASA's new program to turn station supply and crew transport over to private business. SpaceX also had problems on its first two launches when a rocket engine failed in 2012 and three three thrusters on its second Dragon capsule failed to fire in space in 2013. SpaceX overcame those issues to dock twice successfully. NASA says the station sent the Cygnus capsule some "values that it did not expect" on Sunday "causing Cygnus to reject the data" and stop the approach. Orbital solved the problem with a software fix, NASA said. The three crew members on the station have a light day Monday ahead of a busy week. Cygnus will arrive close enough Tuesday to be grappled by the station's Canadarm2 for docking, and a new three-person station crew arrives Wednesday from a launch in Russia. (NO FURTHER TEXT)
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> Crew Arrival, Communications Glitch Further Delay Cygnus Berthing
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> Dan Leone - Space News
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> Ceding priority to a Soyuz spacecraft scheduled to fly three crew members to the international space station Sept. 25, Orbital Sciences Corp. has postponed the berthing of its Cygnus spacecraft with the outpost until Sept. 28 at the earliest. Cygnus, which has been in space since Sept. 18, was originally scheduled to berth with the station Sept. 22, but a miscommunication between the spacecraft and the station prompted the company and NASA to reschedule Cygnus' arrival for Sept. 24. However, on the morning of Sept. 23, Orbital wrote on its website that Cygnus' arrival would again be delayed to make room for an inbound Soyuz crew capsule.
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> Space station traffic jam delays 1st arrival of new Cygnus spacecraft
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> Miriam Kramer - Space.com
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> The first arrival of a brand-new commercial cargo ship at the International Space Station has been delayed until no earlier than Saturday to make way for a new crew launching to the orbiting lab this week, NASA officials say. The unmanned Cygnus spacecraft built by Orbital Sciences Corp. — which launched into orbit on Sept. 18 — was initially expected to link up with the station on Sunday, but a software glitch forced controllers to abort the arrival and wait at least 48 hours for the next attempt. Monday, NASA and Orbital officials said the supply ship will not arrive at the space station until Saturday, in part because a new station crew — Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazanskiy and NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins — is launching to the orbiting lab Wednesday on a Russian Soyuz capsule.
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> NASA, Orbital decide to delay Cygnus rendezvous with ISS again
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> T.J. Aulds - Galveston County Daily News
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> The much anticipated docking of Orbital Sciences' Cygnus spacecraft with the International Space Station will be delayed a bit longer. Cygnus was scheduled to dock at the space station on Sunday, but a glitch in the data connection between the spacecraft and computers aboard the space station led to a mandatory 48-hour delay. After working on a software patch to fix the problem, Orbital officials had hoped to try for a rendezvous on Tuesday. But officials decided that was cutting it too close for the Wednesday scheduled launch of a Soyuz capsule that is to deliver three new crew members to the space station.
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> Station Taxi Flight Bumps Cargo Spaceship Arrival
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> Irene Klotz - Discovery News
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> Wednesday's scheduled launch and speedy arrival of three new crewmembers to the International Space Station will delay the rendezvous and docking of Orbital Sciences' Cygnus cargo ship until Saturday. The company, one of two hired by NASA to fly cargo to the station following the retirement of the space shuttles, had hoped to fly its demonstration Cygnus ship to the station on Sunday but a software problem prompted a delay until Tuesday.
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> Software, vehicle congestion delay Cygnus docking at Space Station
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> John Timmer - Ars Technica
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> After an apparently flawless launch last week, Orbital Sciences' Cygnus capsule was supposed to have docked on the International Space Station over the weekend. It didn't happen. Apparently, some of the data being sent down to Earth from the vehicle wasn't formatted properly, and it took a couple of days to devise a fix and get it in place. The delay pushed the window for docking too close to the arrival of a new crew, set to lift off from Baikonur Cosmodrome on Wednesday afternoon (Eastern US time). So Orbital's first rendezvous with the Station will have to wait until Saturday at the earliest.
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> 'Maker' Ideas Wanted for First 3D Printer In Space
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> Denise Chow - Space.com
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> A California-based company that will launch a 3D printer to the International Space Station in 2014 is aiming to change the way space agencies think about how they transport goods to the orbiting outpost. But, using a machine to spit out spare parts for the space station is only the beginning. Built by the firm Made in Space, Inc., the first 3D printer in space will launch to the space station aboard commercial spaceflight provider SpaceX's Dragon capsule. The mission will largely be a proof-of-concept flight, in which astronauts will use the device to demonstrate its functionality in the microgravity environment, Mike Chen, Made in Space co-founder and chief strategy officer, told an audience at World Maker Faire in Queens here Saturday.
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> Scientists Want Funding to Send More Gerbils Into Space
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> Moscow Times
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> Russian and U.S. researchers have urged their governments to continue funding studies that involve sending unmanned satellites with animals into space. Missions like the cooperative Russian-U.S. Bion-M project, which took place in spring, are a must for preparing longer spaceflights by humans, the researchers said in a statement on the mission's Russian blog posted Saturday. Experiments with critters onboard the International Space Station offer scientists a unique opportunity to increase the depth and breadth of their study, unhampered by rules that would apply to those that are staged with a crew.
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> Commercial crew prepares for its next phase
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> Jeff Foust – The Space Review
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> NASA's commercial cargo program has been in the spotlight in the last week, with the successful launch Wednesday morning of Orbital Sciences Corporation's first Cygnus cargo spacecraft on an Antares rocket from Virginia. While carrying 700 kilograms of cargo, the primary purpose of the mission is to put the Cygnus spacecraft through its paces, demonstrating it can safely transport cargo to the International Space Station. And like many test flights, there are glitches to overcome: the planned rendezvous of Cygnus with the ISS on Sunday was waved off because of a computer glitch. Cygnus's arrival at the station is now planned for the end of this week, after the arrival of new crewmembers to the station. As the Cygnus mission plays out, the spotlight will soon shift back over to NASA's commercial crew program. For more than a year, three companies—Boeing, Sierra Nevada, and SpaceX—have been working on the latest phase of the program, called Commercial Crew Integrated Capability, or CCiCap. Some of the biggest milestones in the CCiCap are due in the coming months, while NASA prepares to roll out the next—and biggest—phase in the overall effort.
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> Manned mission to Mars an unlikely proposition
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> Current limits on exposure to radiation make chances of flight in near future pretty slim
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> Todd Halvorson - Florida Today
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> An American expedition to Mars is the Holy Grail of U.S. human spaceflight, but more than a half-century after the dawn of the Space Age, the reality is this: NASA is "no-go," at least for now. To send an expedition to Mars today, NASA would have to knowingly expose astronauts to cancerous, or even lethal, levels of space radiation. It's an ethical quandary for those involved in NASA's renewed push toward deep-space exploration. And it's being explored by some of the most distinguished scholars, scientists, engineers, health professionals and ethicists in the nation. It's "the elephant in the room," NASA Chief Astronaut Robert Behnken recently told a National Academy of Sciences committee. "We're talking about a lot of ionizing radiation, almost a guarantee for cancer, and you are really close to the edge of the range for lethal exposure," said Kristin Shrader-Frechette, a University of Notre Dame professor and a specialist in ethical issues that arise in scientific research and technology development. "If we can't get shorter transit times in space, and we can't get better shielding, then we really can't do (a Mars) spaceflight."
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> (NO FURTHER TEXT)
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>
> The 2013 Cosmo Power List
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> Laura Brounstein – Cosmopolitan
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> What's sexier than a woman—like Jennifer Lopez—who loves what she does and does it better than anyone? Not much. So we went to the women who upgraded our world this year and asked them their secrets to building and enjoying their power. Get inspired…Karen Nyberg - NASA flight engineer who sent Cosmo her answers from the International Space Station: "Know that you can be the smart person, the one who gets dirty and fixes things. Choosing a technical job like engineering doesn't mean you're giving up being feminine." (NO FURTHER TEXT)
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> Stephen Colbert: Comedian, Emmy Winner, Fitness Trainer to Astronauts
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> Your occasional reminder that while Colbert is here with us on Earth, C.O.L.B.E.R.T. is working on the International Space Station
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>
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> Megan Garber - The Atlantic
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> The International Space Station has a gym. It's a tiny gym, yes, and a gym that's been substantially modified to accommodate the overriding constraint of a gym that is part of the International Space Station: its removal from gravity. But it's a gym nonetheless, and it's a place that's crucial to astronauts who, without the benefit of gravity exerting itself on their bodies, lose muscle mass and bone density during their tenure in space. ISS denizens put in Hollywood-star-in-training-level workouts every day, not to be-buff themselves for a new role, but to keep them in shape for the one they have. I mention that because of Stephen Colbert. Actually, more specifically, I mention that because of C.O.L.B.E.R.T, one of the pieces of equipment in the ISS gym -- the modified treadmill that astronauts use to simulate running while they're in space.
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> Why the Space Station Must Trump Exploration
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> Donald Robertson - Space News (Opinion)
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>
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> (Robertson is a freelance space industry journalist based in San Francisco. He is a small shareholder in Orbital Sciences, a company discussed in this article)
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> Trust SpaceNews, the space industry's newspaper of record, to frame a key choice facing NASA and the United States in the starkest possible terms: Should we continue to support the international space station at $3 billion a year, consuming about half the budget for human spaceflight? Or should we abandon the space station and try to embark on serious space exploration farther from the home world ["Policy Experts: Choice Looming Between ISS, Deep-space Missions"]? While spaceflight has fared remarkably well in the budget battles so far, in the future NASA almost certainly will not be able to afford both the space station and serious exploration. This is especially true if we continue to "explore" by building the expensive Space Launch System (SLS) on Earth, rather than using our limited money to launch smaller components on existing rockets, assembling spacecraft in orbit, and then sending them out into the inner solar system.
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> Replacing the ISS
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> Eric Hedman - The Space Review (Opinion)
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>
>
> (Hedman is the chief technology officer of Logic Design Corporation)
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>
>
> The debates about the future of human spaceflight are focused on where we should go next: should it be the Moon? An asteroid? An asteroid moved to lunar orbit? An Earth-Moon Lagrange point? Mars? Or should we even go beyond low earth orbit? In the meantime, very little attention seems to be paid to the long-term future of human spaceflight in low earth orbit (LEO). The partner countries plan to extend the life of the International Space Station until at least 2020. There are discussions on possibly extending it until 2028. The ISS, though, can't last forever. It wasn't designed to. The questions are: How long can it last? How long should it be used? Should it be replaced? When should it be replaced? Why should it be replaced? And what should replace it? The ISS was designed for a number of purposes. In assessing if and how well the ISS has met its goals, you will probably get a variety of answers, depending upon people's varying perspectives and interests. The ISS has served as a pathfinder allowing us humans to learn how to assemble and operate a station in LEO. There have been many lessons learned.
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>
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> When darkness falls: the future of the US crewed spaceflight program
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> Roger Handberg - The Space Review (Commentary)
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>
>
> (Handberg is Professor of Political Science at the University of Central Florida)
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>
>
> In a recent article ("NASA policy gets partisan", The Space Review, August 5), Jeff Foust summed up the current state of the debate over the NASA exploration program thusly: "Also, unlike 2010, when there was a heated debate about the future of NASA's exploration program, there is no driving issue of similar significance or urgency in 2013. With so little, relatively speaking, at stake, there is little incentive by the House and Senate to transcend partisan disputes and come to an agreement on what NASA funding and policies should be." The operative wording is "there is no driving issue of similar significance or urgency in 2013." This effectively summarizes the current state of the US space exploration program. The question is, how did the United States arrive at this situation, and is there a way forward? Both parts are unclear but this is one effort to address the question.
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>
>
> Back to the Moon, Commercially
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>
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> James Lovell - Space News (Opinion)
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>
>
> (Lovell, a member of the Golden Spike Co. board of advisers, is a former NASA astronaut who was commander of Apollo 13 and the first human to travel to the Moon twice)
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>
>
> Just a few weeks ago, the 44th anniversary of Apollo 11's historic mission fulfilling U.S. President John F. Kennedy's challenge to safely land a man on the Moon came and went. It was marked by little fanfare. It is hard to imagine that four decades after Neil Armstrong took that "giant leap for mankind," a human presence on the lunar surface is just a distant memory and the Moon remains largely unexplored. No doubt, America's space program has gone on to some remarkable achievements: Apollo-Soyuz, Skylab, the space shuttle, the Hubble Space Telescope, Mars rovers and the international space station — a lasting home in space occupied by a global crew 24/7, 365 days a year. But for many people, including old astronauts like myself, the human exploration of the Moon remains America's crowning achievement amid the stars. It is certainly an event worthy of repeating, and many of us have long argued for sending new generations of explorers back to our closest celestial neighbor as a first step toward developing the skills and technologies needed to travel deeper into our own solar system.
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> The Shuttle Flight That Did it All: Twenty Years Since STS-51
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> Ben Evans – AmericaSpace.com
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>
> The words of the launch commentator at the Kennedy Space Center on the morning of 12 August 1993 were calm and measured, as all eyes focused upon Space Shuttle Discovery as she entered the final portion of the countdown to fly STS-51. The mission—a nine-day flight to deploy a NASA advanced communications satellite and release and retrieve an ultraviolet telescope on a Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), as well as perform a spacewalk—had already been postponed twice, with the astronauts aboard the vehicle. It was hoped that today would be third time lucky for Commander Frank Culbertson, Pilot Bill Readdy, and Mission Specialists Jim Newman, Dan Bursch, and Carl Walz … but the gremlins of ill-fortune still had one more card to play.
>
> __________
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>
>
> COMPLETE STORIES
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>
>
> Longer delay for space station delivery mission
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>
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> Marcia Dunn - Associated Press
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> A new commercial spaceship will wait all week before aiming again for the International Space Station.
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>
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> Orbital Sciences Corp.'s Cygnus capsule was supposed to arrive Sunday, four days after its launch. But the rendezvous was aborted because of a discrepancy in navigation data between the two vessels.
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> The Virginia company has developed and tested a software repair to sync up the two sets of GPS data. Different formats inadvertently were used for reporting time, said company spokesman Barron Beneski. NASA's Bruce Manners, a commercial space project executive, called it a "very small, simple fix."
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> Despite the quick remedy, NASA and Orbital Sciences agreed Monday to delay this second delivery attempt until at least Saturday. That's because of an impending manned mission from Kazakhstan; it would have cut it too close and created too big a workload to squeeze in the Cygnus before then.
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> Three astronauts are scheduled to blast off on a Russian rocket Wednesday and arrive at the space station later in the day. That will round out the crew to the normal six.
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> This is the maiden voyage of the Cygnus and therefore considered a test flight.
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> Only one other private company has attempted space station shipments: Space Exploration Technologies Corp. of California, good for three deliveries over the past 1 1/2 years. SpaceX launches from Cape Canaveral, while Orbital Sciences flies from Wallops Island, Va.
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>
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> NASA is contracting with the two companies to keep the 260-mile-high outpost stocked. Space shuttles used to ferry U.S. supplies. Russia, Japan and Europe launch their own cargo.
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> Manners said the Cygnus has plenty of fuel and opportunities for numerous approaches. A firm delivery date will be chosen following the Soyuz arrival late Wednesday.
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> New cargo ship's docking at space station delayed to Saturday
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> Irene Klotz - Reuters
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> A traffic jam at the International Space Station is prompting a second delay in the arrival of a new commercial cargo ship that is making a test run to the orbital outpost, officials said on Monday.
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>
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> The docking of the Cygnus freighter was retargeted for Saturday to avoid conflicting with Wednesday's scheduled arrival of new crew members at the space station.
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> Orbital Sciences originally had planned to fly the Cygnus to the station on Sunday following four days of maneuvers and communications tests. A problem processing navigation data from the space station early on Sunday forced the rendezvous to be rescheduled for Tuesday.
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> Resolving the problem with a software fix left Orbital Sciences with a tight schedule to rendezvous and dock the Cygnus capsule at the space station before the Wednesday arrival of a Russian Soyuz spaceship carrying three new crew members.
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>
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> Station operators need at least 48 hours between arrivals of spacecraft at the orbital outpost, a $100 billion complex that flies about 250 miles above Earth.
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> "Both Orbital and NASA felt it was the right decision to postpone the Cygnus approach and rendezvous until after Soyuz operations," the company wrote in a status report on its website.
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>
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> Cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazanskiy and NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins are scheduled for launch at 4:58 p.m. EDT on Wednesday from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. They should reach the station about six hours later.
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>
>
> "This new schedule will allow the Orbital operations team to carefully plan and be well-rested before restarting the critical final approach to the space station," Frank Culbertson, Orbital's executive vice president, said in the statement. "Meanwhile, Cygnus has all the resources needed to remain in orbit for an extended period of time."
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>
>
> Cygnus blasted off for a debut mission aboard an Orbital Sciences' unmanned Antares rocket from a new spaceport in Virginia on September 18. The company is the second of two hired by NASA to restore U.S. supply lines to the station following the retirement of the space shuttles in 2011.
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>
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> Competitor Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, which began working with the U.S. space agency about 18 months before Orbital, so far has made a test flight and two cargo runs to the station.
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>
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> ISS won't face orbital traffic jam
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> Cygnus cargo ship will dock at least three days after Soyuz does
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>
>
> James Dean - Florida Today
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>
>
> Easing an orbital traffic jam, NASA and its partners nixed the possibility of back-to-back spacecraft arrivals at the International Space Station today and Wednesday.
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> A Russian Soyuz spacecraft carrying a NASA astronaut and two crewmates remains scheduled to dock at the orbiting research complex late Wednesday, about six hours after blasting off from Kazakhstan.
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>
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> But instead of trying to squeeze in a rendezvous today, an unmanned Cygnus cargo ship on its maiden flight won't approach the station before Saturday, 10 days after its launch from Virginia, officials said Monday.
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>
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> Orbital Sciences Corp. fixed a software problem that postponed the Cygnus' planned Sunday rendezvous, but mission managers elected to delay the new vehicle's arrival to spread out the traffic flow.
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> "They'll give the crew on board some time to decompress and get some rest (after the Soyuz docks) and be ready to go on Saturday, if that can be put together," said Bruce Manners, a project manager with NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program. "And if not, then we've got time. The Cygnus spacecraft is in great shape."
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>
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> Loaded with 1,300 pounds of cargo, the cylindrical Cygnus is flying a demonstration mission before Dulles, Va.-based Orbital starts operational missions under a $1.9 billion NASA resupply contract.
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>
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> When the spacecraft made contact with the station early Sunday, a formatting problem caused its computers to reject navigation data received from the outpost 260 miles above Earth.
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> Engineers over the next 24 hours produced a software patch that Manners described as a "very small, simple fix."
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>
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> But the Cygnus has enough fuel to fly for weeks, so there was no rush to reach the station and risk straining the crews. It will park at a safe distance until a plan is confirmed.
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> Meanwhile on Monday, a Soyuz rocket and spacecraft rolled to their launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
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> American Michael Hopkins is scheduled to blast off on his first spaceflight at 4:58 p.m. Wednesday, along with veteran Oleg Kotov and rookie Sergey Ryazanskiy of the Russian Federal Space Agency.
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> "It's fantastic to see it at this point," Hopkins said after a recent inspection of the vehicle. "It's all packed up, ready to go."
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>
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> The trio is scheduled to dock before 11 p.m. after just four orbits, an express trip now becoming the norm in place of two-day journeys in the cramped Soyuz.
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>
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> They'll join three Expedition 37 crew members already aboard the ISS: American Karen Nyberg, Italian Luca Parmitano and Russian Fyodor Yurchikhin.
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>
>
> Crew Arrival, Communications Glitch Further Delay Cygnus Berthing
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>
>
> Dan Leone - Space News
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>
>
> Ceding priority to a Soyuz spacecraft scheduled to fly three crew members to the international space station Sept. 25, Orbital Sciences Corp. has postponed the berthing of its Cygnus spacecraft with the outpost until Sept. 28 at the earliest.
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>
>
> Cygnus, which has been in space since Sept. 18, was originally scheduled to berth with the station Sept. 22, but a miscommunication between the spacecraft and the station prompted the company and NASA to reschedule Cygnus' arrival for Sept. 24. However, on the morning of Sept. 23, Orbital wrote on its website that Cygnus' arrival would again be delayed to make room for an inbound Soyuz crew capsule.
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>
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> "This morning, Orbital and NASA together decided to postpone the approach, rendezvous, grapple and berthing operations of the Cygnus cargo logistics spacecraft with the International Space Station until after the upcoming Soyuz crew operations are complete," the company wrote on its website.
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>
>
> As for the communications glitch discovered Sept. 22, Orbital believes it can be fixed with a software update, which the company was readying Sept. 22 to transmit to the orbiting Cygnus Sept. 23.
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>
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> Early on the morning of Sept. 22, "Cygnus established direct data contact with the [international space station] and found that some of the data received had values that it did not expect, causing Cygnus to reject the data," Orbital wrote. "This mandated an interruption of the approach sequence."
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>
>
> Orbital spokesman Barron Beneski could not immediately be reached for comment the morning of Sept. 23.
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>
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> Cygnus was launched Sept. 18 by its Antares carrier rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, a state-operated facility at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.
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>
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> Cygnus is carrying a cache of noncritical cargo as part of a demonstration mission that, if successful, will clear the way for Orbital to begin routine deliveries under an eight-flight, $1.9 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract it signed with NASA in 2008. After a 30-day stay at the space station, the expendable Cygnus will detach from the station, re-enter the atmosphere and burn up over the Pacific Ocean.
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>
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> Assuming the rest of the mission goes smoothly, a NASA official said, Orbital could be approved to begin contracted cargo deliveries not long after the ongoing demonstration mission ends.
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>
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> "We will get a final report from Orbital a few days after the end of the mission, which is going to be at the end of October now," NASA's Alan Lindenmoyer, manager of the agency's Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office, said during a Sept. 18 post-launch press briefing from Wallops.
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>
>
> Orbital Sciences stands to be the second to deliver cargo to the space station under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services contract. The first, Space Exploration Technologies Corp., flew its own demonstration mission in May 2012 and has since flown two of the 12 flights it owes NASA under a $1.6 billion contract.
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>
>
> Space station traffic jam delays 1st arrival of new Cygnus spacecraft
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>
>
> Miriam Kramer - Space.com
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>
>
> The first arrival of a brand-new commercial cargo ship at the International Space Station has been delayed until no earlier than Saturday to make way for a new crew launching to the orbiting lab this week, NASA officials say.
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>
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> The unmanned Cygnus spacecraft built by Orbital Sciences Corp. — which launched into orbit on Sept. 18 — was initially expected to link up with the station on Sunday, but a software glitch forced controllers to abort the arrival and wait at least 48 hours for the next attempt.
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>
>
> Monday, NASA and Orbital officials said the supply ship will not arrive at the space station until Saturday, in part because a new station crew — Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazanskiy and NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins — is launching to the orbiting lab Wednesday on a Russian Soyuz capsule.
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>
>
> "This new schedule will allow the Orbital operations team to carefully plan and be well-rested before restarting the critical final approach to the space station," Frank Culbertson, Orbital's executive vice president and general manager of its advanced programs group, said in a statement. "Meanwhile, Cygnus has all the resources needed to remain in orbit for an extended period of time."
>
>
>
> Orbital's Cygnus spacecraft team has now tested software to fix the software glitch that prevented the attempted rendezvous with the space station on Sunday. Because of extra time needed for that troubleshooting, as well as the impending Soyuz launch and docking on Wednesday, the team opted to push the Cygnus arrival at the station until the weekend at earliest, company officials said.
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>
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> Officials with NASA and Orbital Sciences do not have an exact timeframe for Cygnus' approach and rendezvous yet, but once Soyuz operations are complete the space agency and private firm will develop a schedule.
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>
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> The now-Saturday rendezvous will mark the first time a Cygnus capsule has visited the space station. The spacecraft is designed to be captured by the astronauts using the station's robotic arm, and then attached to an open docking port. The current mission is a demonstration flight to show that Cygnus and its Antares rocket can safely haul supplies to the $100 billion outpost. Orbital Sciences holds a $1.9 billion contract with NASA to fly eight missions with Cygnus and Antares.
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>
>
> Cygnus won't be the first private cargo ship to dock with the International Space Station. SpaceX, which is led by billionaire Elon Musk, also hold a private contract with NASA to make 12 flights using its Dragon capsule and Falcon 9 rocket. Dragon has already completed two of its contracted resupply missions.
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>
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> Cygnus can carry about 4,400 pounds (2,000 kilograms) of cargo in its current configuration, but it's bringing only 1,540 pounds (700 kg) of supplies to the station on this demonstration mission.
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> NASA, Orbital decide to delay Cygnus rendezvous with ISS again
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>
> T.J. Aulds - Galveston County Daily News
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> The much anticipated docking of Orbital Sciences' Cygnus spacecraft with the International Space Station will be delayed a bit longer.
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> Cygnus was scheduled to dock at the space station on Sunday, but a glitch in the data connection between the spacecraft and computers aboard the space station led to a mandatory 48-hour delay.
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> After working on a software patch to fix the problem, Orbital officials had hoped to try for a rendezvous on Tuesday. But officials decided that was cutting it too close for the Wednesday scheduled launch of a Soyuz capsule that is to deliver three new crew members to the space station.
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> The Soyuz crew is due to arrive at the space station late Wednesday. The earliest possible date for the next Cygnus approach and rendezvous with the space station would be Saturday, Orbital and NASA officials said Monday morning.
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>
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> "This new schedule will allow the Orbital operations team to carefully plan and be well-rested before restarting the critical final approach to the space station," said Frank Culbertson, Orbital's executive vice president and general manager of its Advanced Programs Group. "Meanwhile, Cygnus has all the resources needed to remain in orbit for an extended period of time."
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>
>
> Because this is a test flight of the Cygnus, nothing valuable or urgent is on board. If necessary, it could keep orbiting the world for weeks, even months, before pulling up at the orbiting lab.
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> Orbital Sciences is the second private company to launch supplies to the space station.
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> Last year, SpaceX was the first with a successful launch of its Dragon spacecraft.
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> The space agency is paying the two companies to deliver goods to the space station in the absence of the now-retired space shuttles.
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> The Cygnus demonstration flight could lead to the company's first full mission, which is scheduled for December. NASA has not announced which of the two companies would manage that mission.
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> Three astronauts — an American, Italian and Russian — currently are aboard the orbiting outpost.
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> Station Taxi Flight Bumps Cargo Spaceship Arrival
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> Irene Klotz - Discovery News
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>
>
> Wednesday's scheduled launch and speedy arrival of three new crewmembers to the International Space Station will delay the rendezvous and docking of Orbital Sciences' Cygnus cargo ship until Saturday.
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>
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> The company, one of two hired by NASA to fly cargo to the station following the retirement of the space shuttles, had hoped to fly its demonstration Cygnus ship to the station on Sunday but a software problem prompted a delay until Tuesday.
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>
>
> Engineers have developed and tested a software patch to fix the glitch, but attempting a rendezvous and docking on Tuesday would cut it too close to the Wednesday night arrival of a Russian Soyuz capsule carrying three new station crewmembers, officials said on Monday.
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> Typically, the station needs at least 48 hours between spacecraft dockings.
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>
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> "This new schedule will allow the Orbital operations team to carefully plan and be well-rested before restarting the critical final approach to the space station. Meanwhile, Cygnus has all the resources needed to remain in orbit for an extended period of time," Frank Culbertson, Orbital's executive vice president, said in a statement.
>
>
>
> Cygnus, one of two cargo ships developed in partnership with NASA, blasted off on its debut mission on Wednesday aboard an unmanned Antares rocket from Wallops Island, Virginia. Orbital Sciences plans to return to the station in December with the first of eight cargo hauls under a $1.9 billion NASA contract.
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> Software, vehicle congestion delay Cygnus docking at Space Station
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> John Timmer - Ars Technica
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>
>
> After an apparently flawless launch last week, Orbital Sciences' Cygnus capsule was supposed to have docked on the International Space Station over the weekend. It didn't happen.
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>
>
> Apparently, some of the data being sent down to Earth from the vehicle wasn't formatted properly, and it took a couple of days to devise a fix and get it in place. The delay pushed the window for docking too close to the arrival of a new crew, set to lift off from Baikonur Cosmodrome on Wednesday afternoon (Eastern US time). So Orbital's first rendezvous with the Station will have to wait until Saturday at the earliest.
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>
>
> According to NASA, Orbital technicians spent yesterday validating the software patch that fixes data formatting issues, which would clear it for rendezvous with the Station. However, NASA has several tests of its own that Cygnus must clear before being allowed to approach the Station. These include demonstrations of various control capabilities, including a simulated abort of the approach procedure. Cygnus has cleared a few of those hurdles, but there are still a few left to do.
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> By the time Cygnus is fully cleared, it will be too close to the Soyuz launch time for NASA's comfort. The Russian craft will be bringing three new crew members who will transition from Expedition 37 to 38.
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> If the Soyuz launch is delayed, the Cygnus schedule could slip further depending on exact details. Right now, NASA says the earliest that Cygnus will be allowed to approach the Station is Saturday. We'll let you know when Orbital's first rendezvous with the Station is cleared to go forward.
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> 'Maker' Ideas Wanted for First 3D Printer In Space
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> Denise Chow - Space.com
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>
>
> A California-based company that will launch a 3D printer to the International Space Station in 2014 is aiming to change the way space agencies think about how they transport goods to the orbiting outpost. But, using a machine to spit out spare parts for the space station is only the beginning.
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>
>
> Built by the firm Made in Space, Inc., the first 3D printer in space will launch to the space station aboard commercial spaceflight provider SpaceX's Dragon capsule. The mission will largely be a proof-of-concept flight, in which astronauts will use the device to demonstrate its functionality in the microgravity environment, Mike Chen, Made in Space co-founder and chief strategy officer, told an audience at World Maker Faire in Queens here Saturday.
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> While astronauts will initially use the 3D printer to create spare parts and tools for the space station. Made in Space is hoping "makers" on Earth will get a chance to flex their creativity by coming up with designs for science experiments, innovative projects and artwork.
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> "Once our printer is there, we're going to be opening it up to the world to print things in space," Chen said, while openly soliciting ideas and encouraging people to contact the company with thoughts.
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> If all goes well, a permanent version of the 3D printer will be launched to the International Space Station in 2015.
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> "The paradigm shift that we want everyone to understand is: instead of launching things to space, just print it there," Chen said. "Why would you go through all the energy to build it here and launch it, when you can just build it there?"
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> Made in Space was founded in 2010 with the mission of broadening access to space. "[I]t's really expensive and difficult to launch things into space, and that puts a real dampening effect on innovation," Chen said.
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> Having a 3D printing capability on the International Space Station will open up possibilities for the materials that can be produced in orbit, and the types of experiments that can be performed in space.
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> "Everything that you launch is going to have to withstand up to 9Gs in the rocket and crazy vibrations," Chen said. "Things in space are vastly over-engineered, really, for the first 8 minutes of its existence. Think about what you can do now that you have 3D printing capabilities on orbit. For the first time, we'll be able to design things for space that don't ever have to exist in a gravity environment."
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> Scientists Want Funding to Send More Gerbils Into Space
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>
>
> Moscow Times
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> Russian and U.S. researchers have urged their governments to continue funding studies that involve sending unmanned satellites with animals into space.
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> Missions like the cooperative Russian-U.S. Bion-M project, which took place in spring, are a must for preparing longer spaceflights by humans, the researchers said in a statement on the mission's Russian blog posted Saturday.
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> Experiments with critters onboard the International Space Station offer scientists a unique opportunity to increase the depth and breadth of their study, unhampered by rules that would apply to those that are staged with a crew.
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> "Russian and American researchers strongly recommend a continuation of experiments on animals onboard automatic satellites," the statement said.
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> Bion-M1 carried various plants, eight Mongolian gerbils, 45 mice and 15 geckos, slugs and snails into space when it launched in April.
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>
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> Most of the creatures failed to survive the flight due to technical faults in the spacecraft. The flight proved fatal for all the Mongolian gerbils, 39 out of 45 mice, and a cichlid fish.
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> The scientists, however, deemed the mission successful because it provided them with the first data describing the impact of zero gravity on blood vessels in the brain, the spinal cord and inner ear, as well as on gene expression. Russian scientists shared several mice from Bion-M with their American colleagues at NASA.
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> "Knowledge gained in the use of animals reveals the fundamental mechanisms of adaptation to spaceflight," NASA said on its website. "Such knowledge provides insight for potential long-duration human spaceflight risk mitigation strategies and potential new approaches for Earth-bound biomedical problems."
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> Commercial crew prepares for its next phase
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> Jeff Foust – The Space Review
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> NASA's commercial cargo program has been in the spotlight in the last week, with the successful launch Wednesday morning of Orbital Sciences Corporation's first Cygnus cargo spacecraft on an Antares rocket from Virginia. While carrying 700 kilograms of cargo, the primary purpose of the mission is to put the Cygnus spacecraft through its paces, demonstrating it can safely transport cargo to the International Space Station. And like many test flights, there are glitches to overcome: the planned rendezvous of Cygnus with the ISS on Sunday was waved off because of a computer glitch. Cygnus's arrival at the station is now planned for the end of this week, after the arrival of new crewmembers to the station.
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> As the Cygnus mission plays out (the spacecraft will remain at the station for a month before departing on a destructive reentry), the spotlight will soon shift back over to NASA's commercial crew program. For more than a year, three companies—Boeing, Sierra Nevada, and SpaceX—have been working on the latest phase of the program, called Commercial Crew Integrated Capability, or CCiCap. Some of the biggest milestones in the CCiCap are due in the coming months, while NASA prepares to roll out the next—and biggest—phase in the overall effort.
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> Progress of the CCiCap companies
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> The next biggest event in the CCiCap effort arguably belongs to Sierra Nevada, developing the Dream Chaser spacecraft. In May, the company transported the engineering test article for that lifting body spacecraft to NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center in California, where it has performed a number of taxi tests and, last month, a captive carry flight, where the vehicle was suspended beneath a helicopter. All those are preludes to the upcoming first glide flight by the Dream Chaser.
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> "Our focus right now is really on flying, and I'm so happy to be able to say that," Sierra Nevada vice president Mark Sirangelo said during a panel on NASA's commercial cargo and crew programs at the AIAA Space 2013 conference earlier this month in San Diego. "After so many years of being on paper, and after a long time in the design phase, we are now starting our flight test program."
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> The Dream Chaser currently at Dryden is a test article not designed to go into space itself. "The easiest way to describe it is that this is our Enterprise," he said, referring to the prototype shuttle orbiter that performed approach and landing tests at the same site in the 1970s but never itself flew in space.
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> With the completion of the taxi tests, when Dream Chaser was towed behind a truck at speeds of up to nearly 100 km/h, and the captive carry flight, the next step is a glide flight. Sirangelo and the company have not announced a specific date for the test, other than it is coming soon. Sirangelo, in his September 11 presentation, said the flight was coming "in the next few weeks" and "very shortly." That flight will be piloted autonomously, without anyone on board; later test flights may have a pilot on board, he said, since the vehicle is designed to be flown both fully autonomously and with a human at the controls.
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> Boeing, meanwhile, has continued progress on its CST-100 capsule. Earlier this month, the company reported a successful interface test between the spacecraft's software and the mission control center at NASA's Johnson Space Center. Just last Friday, NASA announced that the CST-100's attitude control thrusters, developed by Aerojet Rocketdyne, completed a "gauntlet of test firings" at White Sands, New Mexico. Those achievements bring the total number of milestones Boeing has completed under its CCiCap award to 10, out of a total of 20.
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> "There's just been a tremendous amount of activity across all of the systems," John Mulholland, vice president and manager for commercial programs at Boeing, said at AIAA Space 2013. The bulk of the remaining milestones in Boeing's CCiCap award involve a series of reviews, culminating with a critical design review for the overall spacecraft next spring and a safety review in the summer, the latter an optional milestone formally funded by NASA last month.
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> While Boeing plans, like Sierra Nevada, to use the Atlas V rocket to launch its spacecraft, Mulholland said the company is leaving option the option to fly the CST-100 on other rockets, including SpaceX's Falcon 9. "We're trying to ensure that our design is compatible with their rocket also," he said of the Falcon 9.
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> SpaceX, though, is busy working on the crewed version of its Dragon spacecraft that will fly atop the Falcon 9. "The job for us is a little bit different" than the other CCiCap companies, said SpaceX commercial crew program manager Garrett Reisman at AIAA Space 2013. "It's taking a rocket and spacecraft that we already have and just modifying that so it's safe enough to do the mission of carrying people."
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> SpaceX's work under CCiCap and a separate certification products contract has focused on four things, he said: completing the system design, doing hardware tests, focusing on safety, and "going down a good path" towards eventual certification of the system by NASA. SpaceX has completed seven CCiCap award milestones to date, and on schedule, he said.
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> Upcoming milestones include a helicopter drop test of the capsule to test an updated parachute design and tests of the Dragon's abort system: one from the launch pad at Cape Canaveral, and an in-flight test where the Dragon will separate from an Falcon 9 at maximum aerodynamic drag. Those abort tests will use the "most flight-like" models of any spacecraft in an abort test, including placing a "flight test dummy" inside the spacecraft, according to Reisman. "We're going to make this as close as possible to the real thing," he said.
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> From iCap to tCap
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> While the three companies continue work on their CCiCap agreements, which run through next summer, they're also paying close attention to the next phase of the program. In July, NASA released a draft version of a Request for Proposals (RFP) for that next phase, called Commercial Crew Transportation Capability, or CCtCap. Unlike previous phases, which used funded (and, for some companies, unfunded) Space Act Agreements, CCtCap will use firm fixed price contracts under the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) to cover the development and testing of commercial crew vehicles.
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> The draft RFP, and an industry day held at the beginning of August at the Kennedy Space Center, allowed the companies to provide NASA with feedback before the final RFP is issued, likely in the second half of October. "In general, my interpretation is that the companies really liked what we put out there," Ed Mango, manager of NASA's Commercial Crew Program, said of the feedback to the draft RFP during a briefing with reporters at Space 2013. Mango said there was some feedback from the companies that could lead to changes in the final RFP, including how the milestones for vehicle development are managed under CCtCap.
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> Current plans call for the release of the final CCtCap RFP in October, with proposals due by the end of this calendar year. "Then we go though an evaluation period for quite some time," Mango said, with contracts to be awarded by the end of July 2014. Those contracts will cover the development and testing of the commercial crew vehicles, as well as at least two missions to the ISS, with options for up to six missions before transitioning to a service contract.
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> One key issue with CCtCap, and the overall program, is just how many contracts NASA will award. "I would like to have more than one," said Mango. Having multiple contracts, he said, would provide competition that would help not only in keeping prices down, but also by improving safety, as companies seek to demonstrate they best meet NASA's safety requirements. "Competition is very good from a safety standpoint as well as from a cost standpoint," he said, "so I would like to have more than one [company] in CCtCap."
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> Whether there are contracts for one company or two under CCtCap (Mango said he could "almost guarantee" NASA would not be able to award three contracts) will largely be a function of the program's budget, which has been one of the more controversial parts of the agency's overall budget. NASA requested $821 million for the commercial crew program for fiscal year 2014, which starts next month. An appropriations bill in the Senate would give the program close to that amount, $775 million, but the House version offers only $500 million for the program.
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> However, it may be months before Congress is able to settle on an appropriations bill for 2014. NASA, and the rest of the federal government, will start the year with a continuing resolution (CR), which funds the government at 2013 levels into 2014. And, even then, there's no guarantee a CR will be in place on October 1, as the House and Senate debate provisions about the bill, including funding for provisions of the Affordable Care Act.
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> Exactly how much money the Commercial Crew program would get in 2014 under a CR is also unclear. Congress funded the program at $525 million, but budget sequestration and an across-the-board rescission included in the final appropriations bill reduced that to $488 million. However, in a fiscal year 2013 operating plan released by NASA in late August—just a little more than a month before the end of the fiscal year—the agency reported that it had, with the concurrence of Congress, restored commercial crew funding to the pre-sequester level of $525 million.
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> "If we are under a CR, we will be, unless there's new legislation that adds to the CR, somewhere between $488 and 525 million," Mango said at Space 2013. "A CR, and how that impacts Commercial Crew, is still to be determined." He added that, regardless of the CR funding level, the program is in good shape to continue into fiscal year 2014. "From a program standpoint, we are good through this year and into FY14," he said. "We're good, under a number of estimates, to get through FY14 and still be able to complete the commitments that we have under CCiCap and CPC," referring to the separate, small certification products contracts each of the three CCiCap companies also have.
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> The restored funding the program got for 2013 under the operating plan was not a factor in the announcement NASA made in August of its decision to fund additional, previously optional milestones for the three companies, valued at a total of $55 million. Instead, Mango said the program looked at the biggest risks each of the three companies faced in their development, based on the progress they made in the first year of their CCiCap awards, and funded the optional milestones in their agreements most closely related to them.
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> An increase in the budget may be essential to preserve NASA's desire to fund more than one company in the CCtCap phase. Mango says NASA estimates that each company will spend a total of $2–4 billion to develop a commercial crew system, counting investment in the previous phases of the program and the internal investment each company makes, typically a proprietary amount. "It's going to be hard to do more than one, unless we get what the President's budget is looking for," he said. "If we don't get the President's budget over the next four to five years, then it very well could impact 2017," the planned date for beginning commercial crew flights to the ISS. "It certainly impacts our ability to have competition."
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> Mango, though, is optimistic that, somehow, increased funding for commercial crew will be found by Congress, citing the "momentum" he sees the program developing. "The mood as I see it, in both the executive side and the Congressional side, for commercial crew is getting stronger," he said, noting Congress's willingness to support the restored funding for the program in the FY13 operating plan.
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> Or, as he put it in the Space 2013 panel, standing alongside the various commercial crew providers discussing the prospects for funding in FY14, "I like to think I'm a glass-half-full kind of guy."
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> Stephen Colbert: Comedian, Emmy Winner, Fitness Trainer to Astronauts
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> Your occasional reminder that while Colbert is here with us on Earth, C.O.L.B.E.R.T. is working on the International Space Station
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> Megan Garber - The Atlantic
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> The International Space Station has a gym. It's a tiny gym, yes, and a gym that's been substantially modified to accommodate the overriding constraint of a gym that is part of the International Space Station: its removal from gravity. But it's a gym nonetheless, and it's a place that's crucial to astronauts who, without the benefit of gravity exerting itself on their bodies, lose muscle mass and bone density during their tenure in space. ISS denizens put in Hollywood-star-in-training-level workouts every day, not to be-buff themselves for a new role, but to keep them in shape for the one they have.
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> I mention that because of Stephen Colbert. Actually, more specifically, I mention that because of C.O.L.B.E.R.T, one of the pieces of equipment in the ISS gym -- the modified treadmill that astronauts use to simulate running while they're in space.
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> It went like this: In 2009, NASA announced a contest to name a module being added to the ISS. The new extension of the space station -- provisionally named "Node 3," a connecting module that included a cupola -- would join Unity, Harmony, and Destiny; NASA's own suggestion for the additional module was "Serenity." Colbert, fresh off his attempt to get himself on the ballot for the South Carolina presidential primaries, made another jokey bid: to get the module named after him. Unity, Harmony, Destiny, and Colbert.
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> Unsurprisingly, his fans rallied to the cause. By the contest's end, NASA had received more than 1.1 million submissions; "Colbert" accounted for 230,539 of those. "Serenity" received slightly more than 190,000. NASA, however, invoked a disclaimer it had listed for the contest, saying that it had the right to "ultimately select a name in accordance with the best interests of the agency" (and adding that "such name may not necessarily be one which is on the list of voted-on candidate names").
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> But a compromise was struck: While NASA ended up naming Node 3 "Tranquility" -- a nod to Apollo 11's base on the moon -- the acronym-happy space agency found another way to celebrate the comedian who had hacked its contest. It named the treadmill on the station the Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill. Or the, yes, the C.O.L.B.E.R.T.
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> Why the Space Station Must Trump Exploration
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> Donald Robertson - Space News (Opinion)
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> (Robertson is a freelance space industry journalist based in San Francisco. He is a small shareholder in Orbital Sciences, a company discussed in this article)
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> Trust SpaceNews, the space industry's newspaper of record, to frame a key choice facing NASA and the United States in the starkest possible terms: Should we continue to support the international space station at $3 billion a year, consuming about half the budget for human spaceflight? Or should we abandon the space station and try to embark on serious space exploration farther from the home world ["Policy Experts: Choice Looming Between ISS, Deep-space Missions"]?
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> While spaceflight has fared remarkably well in the budget battles so far, in the future NASA almost certainly will not be able to afford both the space station and serious exploration. This is especially true if we continue to "explore" by building the expensive Space Launch System (SLS) on Earth, rather than using our limited money to launch smaller components on existing rockets, assembling spacecraft in orbit, and then sending them out into the inner solar system.
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> Few will like it, but the correct choice is as stark as SpaceNews' headline. Operating the space station for as long as possible is critical to the future of human spaceflight, even if it means setting aside lunar bases, Mars missions or even asteroid retrievals for the immediate future.
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> This choice is part of, and should be informed by, a wider choice. What is the ultimate goal of our expensive investment in human spaceflight? Is it to create permanent infrastructure, industries, trade and commerce, and eventually colonies — to make the inner solar system part of the wider human economy? Or is it primarily for science and exploration?
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> Incorporating space into the wider economy requires a key element that science and exploration do not, at least to the same degree. The SLS's projected five to 10 flights per decade might be enough to support science and exploration; it is wholly inadequate, and far too expensive, to support serious commerce or industrial activities.
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> To support commerce, access to space and operations there must be made routine and as inexpensive as possible. That means they must be commercialized, or at least commoditized. Commercial products need a market. Today, the only market large and secure enough to motivate and sustain a large commercial space transportation industry is the international space station.
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> NASA's use of the space station logistics market to create a nascent space transportation industry is clearly working. Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) has completed two cargo runs, and Orbital Sciences is on the verge of its first operational mission. An unprecedented three human-rated spacecraft are in advanced development, by SpaceX, Sierra Nevada Corp. and Boeing. For the first time, there may soon be multiple providers of human spaceflight and logistics, all competing to lower costs and increase reliability.
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> For all the partisan controversy today, leveraging the space station logistics market started out as a bipartisan strategy: Then-NASA Administrator Michael Griffin started the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program in the George W. Bush administration. Subsequently, it was expanded and pushed hard by Lori Garver, NASA deputy administrator under President Barack Obama. However, on Feb. 1, 2010, Mr. Obama abruptly announced the cancellation of the Constellation project to return to the Moon. NASA would displace near-term deep-space exploration with subsidies intended to commercialize access to low Earth orbit, and conduct open-ended research and development without a near-term goal. Members of Congress with a vested interest in the Apollo-style command economy space program balked. They forced NASA to reinstate a modified version of the larger of Constellation's launch vehicles, the SLS, and its deep-space capsule, Orion. The result is that we're pursuing both exploration and commerce — without enough money to properly do either.
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> As SpaceNews' headline implies, it is time to choose.
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> Following either path will benefit the other — e.g., an exploration-oriented asteroid mission would generate information applicable to both science and prospectors. Even while focused on demonstrating technologies needed to explore in the long term, the space station supports some science. But there is a crucial difference: The space station also creates a market for private investment in space transportation. Any near-term exploration mission that NASA can afford would not, and without continued investment, transportation will get neither cheaper nor more reliable.
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> Spaceflight is undergoing a true renaissance. A plethora of relatively small companies are developing new rockets and technologies. For example, Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser is a partial replacement for the space shuttle. In an effort to reduce long-term costs, SpaceX is investing enormous resources to try to make its currently expendable rockets reusable. Innovative vehicles are even being funded without NASA's financial help, such as Stratolaunch and Virgin Galactic's LauncherOne.
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> With the possible exceptions of SpaceX and Orbital Sciences, it is far too early to judge any company's prospects. However, before the Falcon 9 v1.1 that SpaceX is marketing has even left the launch pad, just the promise of more frequent access to space at lower prices has driven existing and developing space industries to fill SpaceX's manifests for years. That promise is also driving countless startups to invest in new products and industries. These include satellite repair and debris removal, new types of communications satellites, asteroid mining and private investments in deep-space propulsion, scientific data collection for sale to scientists, development of crystal growth techniques with medical applications that are later transferred to terrestrial production, orbital testing of other microgravity enabled materials, and, yes, logistics delivery to the space station.
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> Some of this might have occurred even if the Bush administration had not opened the space station logistics market to commercial companies and if the Obama administration had failed to back and expand the initiative. Without the NASA subsidies driven by the need to supply the space station, it would have been a lot harder, and probably taken a lot longer, for SpaceX and Orbital Sciences to get their rockets off the ground. It is unlikely that any of the crew vehicles would have been developed. To continue this "cislunar renaissance," the space station logistics market must remain available for as long as possible.
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> Hard though it may be to wait, the nation's spacefaring future is best assured if the space station gets priority over exploration and the most expensive science projects. However wasteful it appears on the surface, we must maintain that market for logistics until the "new space" companies have used it to secure our positions in cislunar space.
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> In the long term, cheaper and more reliable transportation to orbit will benefit all — science, exploration and commerce alike.
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> Replacing the ISS
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> Eric Hedman - The Space Review (Opinion)
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> (Hedman is the chief technology officer of Logic Design Corporation)
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> The debates about the future of human spaceflight are focused on where we should go next: should it be the Moon? An asteroid? An asteroid moved to lunar orbit? An Earth-Moon Lagrange point? Mars? Or should we even go beyond low earth orbit? In the meantime, very little attention seems to be paid to the long-term future of human spaceflight in low earth orbit (LEO). The partner countries plan to extend the life of the International Space Station until at least 2020. There are discussions on possibly extending it until 2028. The ISS, though, can't last forever. It wasn't designed to. The questions are: How long can it last? How long should it be used? Should it be replaced? When should it be replaced? Why should it be replaced? And what should replace it?
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> The ISS was designed for a number of purposes. It was designed to be a pathfinder on how to build and operate a station in LEO. It was designed to test new technology for further exploration. It was designed to be a laboratory to do research in microgravity. It was designed to spur collaboration among most of the spacefaring nations. It was designed to be a political tool for politicians across the globe. In part, it was designed to improve relations with Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union and keep their engineers from applying their skills to weapons systems for countries with conflicts with the West.
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> In assessing if and how well the ISS has met its goals, you will probably get a variety of answers, depending upon people's varying perspectives and interests. The ISS has served as a pathfinder allowing us humans to learn how to assemble and operate a station in LEO. There have been many lessons learned. One of the latest has been from the problem with a spacesuit on a recent EVA by ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano where he potentially could have drowned in his suit from a water leak. The biggest lesson from this incident should be that, as good as you think a design is, you don't really know until it has significant experience in real operations. It is a lesson businesses learn about their products often when they hit the real world for the first time.
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> Aboard the ISS there has been time to test life support equipment and find out how it will hold up over years of service. There have been improvements in recycling water that have reduced the need to haul water up from earth. There have been EVA procedures developed to maintain the physical health of the station. The work at maintaining the station has definitely been an international collaboration with, I'm sure, much knowledge gained on how to operate in space.
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> There is very little that hits the mainstream media about the research done aboard the ISS. Part of the reason for that is that the research isn't typically headline-making news. That doesn't mean that the research can't be valuable. An example is research done since 2001 that has been instrumental in finding a method to destroy a variant of staphylococcus aureus, also known as MRSA, using cold plasma. MRSA infections are a real problem especially for hospitals and athletic facilities. MRSA has been extremely difficult to remove from operating rooms and locker rooms and can lead to life-threatening infections. A friend of mine had a significant problem with a MRSA infection that was eating away at the flesh on his leg after an abrasion that happened in a karate match. Grant Hill of the NBA had a bad MRSA infection that, in his words, "nearly killed him". I don't know a lot about the other research that goes on aboard the ISS, but just because we don't hear much about it doesn't mean valuable research is not taking place.
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> According to page 11 of NASA's FY 2013 Budget Estimates for Space Operations the cost of operating the ISS for fiscal year 2013 is as follows:
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> ISS Operations and Management:
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> $1.4935 billion
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> ISS Research:
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> $229.3 million
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> Crew and Cargo Transportation:
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> $1.2848 billion
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> Total:
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> $3.0076 billion
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> NASA wants to go beyond Earth orbit, but has limited funds to do so. With the ISS now costing more than $3 billion a year (not counting partner contributions) to operate, it begs the question of how much longer should it operate.
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> On August 20, NASA released the latest update to their Global Exploration Roadmap. On page 10 of the document it shows in the line for LEO the ISS operating up to 2020. After 2020 it shows "Commercial or Government owned platforms" through 2030. I'm obviously not the only person wondering what comes after the ISS and when.
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> Whether the ISS lasts until 2020 or until 2028, planning for what comes next needs to get started now. The first step in figuring out what should be built is figuring out who the potential customers are and deciphering the needs. If the next station or stations are commercial, the potential for opening up new commercial markets for space activities increases. Commercial stations wouldn't have to be constrained by the needs of government space agencies. Commercial stations could provide everything the ISS currently does and more at hopefully at a significantly lower cost than operating the ISS.
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> All sorts of ideas have been floated for commercial space stations over the years. They could be hotels for space tourism. They could host fuel depots for beyond Earth orbit vehicles. They could be orbital shipyards for assembling larger vehicles. They could be manufacturing facilities for products that can only be made in microgravity. They could be warehouses for all sorts of supplies needed in orbit. They can be transit ports for ships heading out deeper into space and back, carrying crew and cargo of all kinds. They can be test platforms for earth observing instruments. They can be research facilities taking advantage of both microgravity and ultra-hard vacuum.
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> NASA's efforts to develop capabilities for both commercial cargo and crew currently only have the ISS as a destination. When the ISS is finally splashed into the Pacific, there will be no destination and no market for Dragon, Dream Chaser, Cygnus, and CST-100 if no replacement is developed. If the replacement is another government-owned and -developed station, the growth potential for commercial cargo and crew will be limited. If commercial stations can be successful, commercial financing opportunities of space based businesses will have the potential for more rapid growth.
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> All sorts of ideas for space-based businesses have often had a very big problem. Many of them require other space infrastructure elements to be developed by other commercial ventures to have a market or they require government space agencies to be their only customer. This is not a model investors are thrilled about and it makes them very reluctant to invest. Going to a commercial model for space stations has the potential to change this dynamic.
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> While I don't have any definite ideas of what the configurations of next-generation stations should look like or even what orbits they should be in, I do believe they should be planned for steady expansion and capable of incorporating continuously improving technology. A station doesn't necessarily have to have all components physically connected. Components such as fuel depots and vibration-isolated research modules could fly in formation with each other.
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> I don't pretend to know which kinds of commercial space adventures will and will not succeed. I do believe that commercial stations in orbit would improve the odds for more to succeed. Commercial crew and cargo will need thriving and growing destinations to have any significant growth potential. Space tourism would be greatly helped with a destination that has some room for people to move and float around in. It isn't going to grow unless launch costs decline with commercial suppliers competing to come up with better and more cost-effective launchers. For satellite servicing to emerge as a business, it could make use on-orbit storage of spare parts and fuel. For reusable commercial space tugs to carry cargo to destinations in cislunar space to succeed, an operating base with fuel depots would help. For a market to develop for commercial heavy lift to emerge, it would require a growing market, putting stress on the capacity of existing EELV-class launchers. If asteroid mining and space-based solar power are ever going to have a chance of succeeding, they will need a more affordable space infrastructure in place.
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> When commercial real estate developers build a large office building, they usually don't have to pre-sell all the space before they break ground. What they usually do is sign an anchor tenant to secure financing. It's a model that I believe could work for commercial space stations. It would help to have both government and commercial tenants signed to get financing for a commercial station. Guaranteed revenue starts making these types of businesses interesting to the financial community. For commercial space stations to have a chance of being financially viable for the foreseeable future, they will need government agencies as major tenants. There still is no one else with pockets as deep.
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> NASA wants to move beyond LEO. Turning over low Earth orbit to potentially more cost-effective business models would free up resources to develop payloads for beyond Earth orbit exploration. In other words, if the President and Congress could ever agree on a vision for NASA, even in this tight budget environment there could actually be significant human spaceflight exploration missions in the next decade. Turning over LEO to commercial entities could actually create new industries when the country could use them to create desperately needed jobs.
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> So how could this vision happen? First of all, NASA could solicit proposals from industry on facilities that could host NASA's needs while not limiting the ability to address other customers. Industry organizations could do market research on other potential customers to find out what their needs could be. Partnerships and consortia of aerospace companies could develop to finance and build these stations. These could turn into global ventures bringing in traditional and nontraditional sources of financing and technology development. For it to happen, though, it needs at least NASA and hopefully other space agencies to buy into the concept.
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> While NASA and its international partners are trying to figure out how to push the boundaries of human space exploration, it may be the right time to think about a commercial foundation in LEO that could make these missions more capable and affordable. The wildest dreams of the space community will not happen in a timely fashion if the foundation isn't strengthened by making it more capable and affordable than it is now. I do believe now is the time to start making this happen. And I do believe commercial stations in LEO and, eventually, beyond could be the catalyst for a prosperous future in space.
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> In this article I'm not going to answer where I think NASA should go next, but will offer my opinion on the remaining questions I posed. How long can the ISS last? It should be able to be maintained until well into the next decade if there is the will and the money available to keep it running. How long should it be used? The ISS should be used as long as it is safe, maintainable, and no replacement is yet available. Should it be replaced? Since it can't last forever, if NASA wants to continue operating in LEO in the coming decades, it needs to be replaced. When should it be replaced? The ISS should be replaced by the middle of next decade before the ISS becomes significantly more expensive to maintain due to its age and the risks of major component failures become too great. Why should it be replaced? If humans want to be a spacefaring species, operating in LEO is something we need to do and the place to figure out more effective ways of operating in space. And what should replace it? If we are to advance in space capabilities, the next generation of stations needs to improve on the capabilities of the ISS. To me, this means they need to address both the needs of government markets and potential commercial markets. It is time to start planning.
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> When darkness falls: the future of the US crewed spaceflight program
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> Roger Handberg - The Space Review (Commentary)
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> (Handberg is Professor of Political Science at the University of Central Florida)
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> In a recent article ("NASA policy gets partisan", The Space Review, August 5), Jeff Foust summed up the current state of the debate over the NASA exploration program thusly: "Also, unlike 2010, when there was a heated debate about the future of NASA's exploration program, there is no driving issue of similar significance or urgency in 2013. With so little, relatively speaking, at stake, there is little incentive by the House and Senate to transcend partisan disputes and come to an agreement on what NASA funding and policies should be." The operative wording is "there is no driving issue of similar significance or urgency in 2013." This effectively summarizes the current state of the US space exploration program. The question is, how did the United States arrive at this situation, and is there a way forward? Both parts are unclear but this is one effort to address the question.
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> Loss of direction
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> When the Space Shuttle's final mission ended in July 2011, the US exploration program—at least the human component—hit a pause, losing all coherence and direction. This possibility had been signaled ironically in the January 2004 announcement of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE). That announcement was fine, although disconnected from political reality even within the George W. Bush administration, whose progeny it was. What did not follow was budget: sufficient resources were never allocated even before the financial crisis that arose in 2008–2009. However, the 2004 VSE announcement definitively signaled the shuttle's demise with the proposed successors, the Ares I and Ares V, which weew inadequately funded at best. This funding shortfall was not immediately self-evident because NASA has decades of experience making lemonade out of budgetary lemons. NASA always assumes (rightly or wrongly) that fiscal shortfalls will be made good. That is no longer true.
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> Efforts at replicating the past by putting China in the role of the Soviet Union as a space program catalyst have failed to gain traction. The situation is one where the unique political imperatives that drove the early US human spaceflight program do not appear at this point in history.
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> Basically, the reality is that there exists today no driving or agreed-upon agenda: the original Wernher von Braun paradigm articulated in the 1950s of going to the Moon and then to Mars dominates discussion without a commensurate political justification. Too often, in support of this view, the original Apollo program is unmoored from its political context. This becomes an important point if government is to fund future space exploration, as still appears the case for the immediate future. The Apollo program was the direct offspring of what was initially seen as an overwhelming political imperative: outperforming the Soviets in the ongoing political-military competition. As that great power competition waned in intensity, the Apollo program lost momentum with the cancelation of the last three lunar landing missions and the follow-on Apollo Applications Program, along with rejection of the Space Task Force report in 1969. The early 1970s saw the working off of the remaining Apollo program equipment inventory, while Space Shuttle development proceeded, albeit in a configuration that embodied higher future operating costs and technical risks (the latter not necessarily well understood at the time.) The decision to build the shuttle itself as replacement for the Saturn V was itself the product of short-term political choices in the context of the 1972 presidential election, rather than some larger plan for human space exploration (see below).
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> Recent efforts to create a new political justification for an enhanced human spaceflight program have failed to catch on in terms of public political support. Efforts at replicating the past by putting China in the role of the Soviet Union as a space program catalyst have failed to gain traction. The overwhelming threat perception inherent in the early 1960s does not resonate currently. So, the situation is one where the unique political imperatives that drove the early US human spaceflight program do not appear at this point in history. Other factors also explain the malaise impacting the US human space exploration program, but without political support little is possible. Thus, China races alone to replicate what the US and USSR have done earlier. Potential competitors such as India and Japan lag behind or have not joined the race yet.
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> It's the economy, stupid
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> In 1992, the Bill Clinton presidential campaign had a famous sign in its war room: "it's the economy, stupid," or "the economy, stupid." That was their mantra, to keep focused on the one issue that could elect Clinton president, the economy. Nothing else mattered. For the US human spaceflight program, the economy, in the form of the federal budget, is the only thing that matters since the late 1960s. Ignoring that reality has been the NASA way—one that is becoming even less sustainable as the program moves forward in time. NASA's quest has been to rekindle the emotional-political context that fueled Apollo and drove it forward until the end of the 1960s.
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> As president, Richard Nixon (1969–1974) did two contradictory things with regards to the US space program. First, he followed President Lyndon Johnson (1963–1969) in saying no more in terms of expanding budgets for space exploration. Johnson earlier cut off the Apollo Applications Program and started scaling back Apollo itself. For Nixon, rejection of the Space Task Force report advocating continuation of the von Braun-Apollo model for space exploration was the introduction of a modicum of budget reality into future plans. However, his second choice—to authorize the proposed Space Shuttle—had the effect of keeping the flame alive for large-scale space endeavors. The funding travails of the shuttle's development, including the sacrifice of space science projects to cover cost overruns (the "slaughter of the innocents," in James Van Allan's analysis), did nothing to educate the agency as to the reality of its fiscal future.
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> Ronald Reagan's (1981–1989) decision to approve the space station program fed the delusion that the fiscal support was there. Outside President Reagan himself, there was no political support for the space station in Congress and inside the administration; other priorities were more important. The abortive Space Exploration Initiative announced by President George H.W. Bush (1989–1993) on the 20th anniversary of the July 1969 Apollo 11 landing dissipated quickly. The 1990s were spent struggling to get the Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) budgets under control (only partially successful) and the station actually built. The earlier Challenger accident in 1986 signaled the shuttle's eventual demise despite rhetoric that the shuttle could fly until 2030 or beyond (similar to the now ancient B-52.) The B-52, however, met a defense need, meaning the money was there to upgrade and improve the aircraft; that did not exist for the shuttle. Significant money for upgrades only came after shuttle accidents. The decision to terminate the space shuttle was finalized after the 2003 space shuttle Columbia reentry breakup. President George W. Bush (2001–2009) announced the VSE which was canceled by President Barack Obama (2009–present) for a more nebulous way forward known as the "flexible path."
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> This brief overview illustrates the point that there has been a continuing disconnect between aspirations and budget. Even the most supportive situation has found an agency whose budgetary reach always exceeds its grasp. Even the blessed Apollo program underwent significant budget cuts almost immediately after its initiation—this represents reality in Washington politics. Discretionary programs such as the space program are not guaranteed any particular level of funding in the absence of national emergency. That moment in history occurred in the 1960s but has not reappeared since, despite much rhetoric, including presidential statements never backed by sufficient cash. This is not say that NASA has not been funded, but initial funding quickly disappeared, leaving programs underfunded especially as costs rise above projections; there is then no slack in the system to cover such shortfalls. What occurs next is cannibalism among agency programs with the political weaker giving to the stronger. NASA is in, at best, a stasis situation, with only minimal pressure for upward change but great potential for decline.
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> The Great Recession has changed budget dynamics in ways that represent a maximum danger for the US human exploration program. Concerns about budget deficits make discretionary spending more vulnerable to cuts—being defined as discretionary means not essential for government operations. Rather, they are nice to have but not critical, so they can disappear, at least in principle. One must remember the defense budget is also technically discretionary, but not in reality, although there is no guaranteed funding level. Extreme partisanship, especially in the House of Representatives, raises a further barrier to establishment of future directions for the space program; such plans would normally lead to a basically coherent budget future albeit underfunded for the program. Across-the-board budget cuts make planning difficult at best and impossible over the long term. The agency is not critical enough to be immune from such cuts, especially since the Department of Defense is not immune. Lack of budget and even budget certainty going forward makes hash out of any future planning. This raises the question whether the US human spaceflight program has an independent future before it.
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> Things that matter
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> There are no quick solutions to a problem that is four decades in the making. President Nixon's decisions in 1969 and 1972 regarding the Apollo program first, and then the Space Shuttle, set the game in motion. On one hand, Nixon introduced realism into the budget discussions, a situation partially reversed by the shuttle choice, one that was marinated in presidential politics. The shuttle was considered politically critical in January 1972 because of the shuttle-related jobs to be created in California at the point when Nixon confronted a strong opposing candidate, Edmund Muskie, whose campaign subsequently evaporated in the New Hampshire snows. One must note that the space program was not a partisan issue because nationally the program never mattered: it became a playground for constituency politics (keeping jobs at the NASA centers) and selected special interests such as universities and a few contractors (the big money in aerospace was in defense contracting.) NASA and human spaceflight were symbolically important but not essential. Most in Congress are only vaguely interested in the space program, as it is not relevant to their constituency interests except at a symbolic level. What complicates things presently is that partisanship has been imported into the field for reasons unrelated to the space program or human spaceflight.
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> The US human spaceflight program is built around two totems at this point: support of the International Space Station as the last vestige of the von Braun paradigm, and development of the Space Launch System (SLS). Taking each in turn, with the shuttle shutdown in July 2011, the United States is paying the Russians to take astronauts to the ISS while concurrently engaged in developing commercial flight options through several companies, first to deliver cargo to the ISS and, later, crews. This program has two impacts: encouraging commercial spaceflight and reasserting a US presence in human spaceflight at least to low Earth orbit (LEO). One must note that no one is moving beyond Earth orbit yet in terms of human spaceflight. This program also removes NASA from the burden of supporting LEO missions. The Space Shuttle, due to its design limitations, turned the program into a trucking service at first to LEO and back, and then to the ISS. The latter task was, in fact, the shuttle's original mission in the larger scheme vetoed by President Nixon. Its approval left the shuttle as an isolated technology from the original dream as the other building blocks—except, belatedly, the ISS—never got built.
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> The SLS is purportedly NASA's ticket to the future of space exploration beyond LEO, breaking the bonds of the Earth. What that future is remains speculative: Moon, Mars, an asteroid, or something entirely different? Unfortunately, the SLS's future remains murky in part because of budget realities. NASA funding is in relative and absolute decline as the agency becomes caught in the maelstrom of federal budget politics. Choices based on policy choices are not being made but, instead, across-the-board cuts are the approach. The agency's reflex built into its DNA since Apollo is to siphon funds away from other program areas to keep the human space exploration effort alive, at least at some level. Signs of internal policy dissent are appearing publicly. The agency is confronting another crisis similar to the earlier period labeled the "slaughter of the innocents" in the early 1980s, when space science was sacrificed on the altar of the shuttle, and the later period in the 1990s when the ISS and shuttle were projected to consume the entire NASA budget. The latter did not happen—the programs were restructured, reducing the budgetary impact—but it was a real threat. However, that was an era when there existed a commitment to the program at least at some level; that commitment may not exist in the present budget environment.
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> Lack of agreement regarding future missions beyond LEO reflects the central reality that no one, executive or congressional, is prepared to commit to a realistic budget for human space exploration. The result is a program whose budgets gets caught in the undertow of partisan wrangling in which a visceral Republican dislike of the Obama Administration blights any efforts at possible future planning. Instead, Congress struggles to pass specific requirements that the agency or SLS and the Orion capsule cannot meet given budget realities. The result is delay and disruption in the program – a recipe for a failing program.
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> Going forward
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> There are several items that must be addressed if the United States is to remain an active leader in human space exploration. First, the clock is running on the ISS: its replacement, or not, must be on the US and international agendas. NASA is pushing to extend the ISS beyond 2020, but that even if done only delays the question of what next? Barring a major change, the United States will not be the funder of such an endeavor. That means "NASA-Next" will truly be an international cooperative project. Such a program will require forethought and planning. It also should incorporate private sector funding and technology. NASA-Next could be the core for a space village of free flyers including space tourist hotels. Bigelow Aerospace has developed habitats, but their likely isolated locations leave open questions of rescue and assistance that a village could provide. This, ironically, returns the NASA-Next to an earlier conception of the original US space station that got eliminated over the years. That earlier configuration saw free flyers as manufacturing nodes that could also return at some point. If humans are to inhabit space, one must start building the experience and technology that makes that possible rather than one-off missions that lack continuity. ISS is currently providing some of that continuity despite the constant crew rotations. NASA-Next could become the means by which humans actually begin residing in outer space as a routine experience rather than an exotic occurrence restricted to a select few. This assumes the commercial sector will be able to lift both people and payloads at a cost that makes such endeavors cheaper than the shuttle and Soyuz spacecraft provided earlier and presently. If domestic political objections are removed, this could include China as a partner: ITAR restrictions do not appear to have crippled their space program.
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> Second, the US must overcome its internal divisions and agree on a realistically funded NASA program. John Kennedy and Apollo are not returning, nor are the Chinese currently the reincarnation of the 1960s Soviets who inspired the original competition. Future space exploration must be grounded in a sense that what is decided is important. This does not imply crisis funding (barring the arrival of aliens in the neighborhood or an asteroid threat that we are actually aware of before it passes by or hits) or that everything must be done. Globalization is much overused, but it holds—at least partially—the ticket to outer space, since several nations now possess useful technology that can be employed by all. Space science can no longer be the piggy bank that must be broken open for human spaceflight, but does not mean that space science is immune to the travails of the US budgetary process. Congress, if possible, can go to multiyear appropriations for NASA as partial protection, but the central reality of US politics is that Congress reserves the right to change its mind. Budgets follow that logic. Those individuals who think that situation is wrong need to get over it; this is a democracy. The future is always out there but only the people, through their representatives, can decide what that means. A publicly funded program is always hostage to the vagaries of public choices as mediated through their representatives.
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> A privately funded space program represents a possibility in principle, but likely flounders on where the upfront funding is to be found to pay for developing expensive technology and conducting operations. Outsourcing the program using public monies to support private efforts is not necessarily a solution since funding is never guaranteed. Remember that Congress has the last word. The amount of money required is too great. Plus, private-public partnerships are one solution, although it does not get one beyond Earth orbit. Ultimately, there is a way forward for the US human space exploration program, if all the stakeholders involved—NASA, the White House, Congress, and the American people—realize the future cannot look like the past.
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> Back to the Moon, Commercially
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> James Lovell - Space News (Opinion)
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> (Lovell, a member of the Golden Spike Co. board of advisers, is a former NASA astronaut who was commander of Apollo 13 and the first human to travel to the Moon twice)
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> Just a few weeks ago, the 44th anniversary of Apollo 11's historic mission fulfilling U.S. President John F. Kennedy's challenge to safely land a man on the Moon came and went. It was marked by little fanfare.
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> It is hard to imagine that four decades after Neil Armstrong took that "giant leap for mankind," a human presence on the lunar surface is just a distant memory and the Moon remains largely unexplored.
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> No doubt, America's space program has gone on to some remarkable achievements: Apollo-Soyuz, Skylab, the space shuttle, the Hubble Space Telescope, Mars rovers and the international space station — a lasting home in space occupied by a global crew 24/7, 365 days a year.
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> But for many people, including old astronauts like myself, the human exploration of the Moon remains America's crowning achievement amid the stars. It is certainly an event worthy of repeating, and many of us have long argued for sending new generations of explorers back to our closest celestial neighbor as a first step toward developing the skills and technologies needed to travel deeper into our own solar system.
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> Sadly, it hasn't happened, though not for a lack of trying. A series of false starts, dashed attempts and woeful budget shortfalls have meant that government-led efforts to return humans to the Moon have foundered on the ground.
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> Some in Congress are at this very moment talking once again about forcing NASA to establish a program to sustain a human presence on the Moon. I, unfortunately, am not optimistic as we have been here before.
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> But there is hope. The private sector is stepping up to meet the challenge: an ambitious startup, the Golden Spike Co., is leading the way in creating commercial models to mount human expeditions to the surface of the Moon for nations, companies and individuals.
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> Until now I have been very doubtful and indeed critical of many existing commercial space ventures that are largely funded by taxpayer dollars. But after several meetings with Golden Spike executives, including the chairman of its board — my old friend — former Apollo Flight Director Gerry Griffin, I became convinced that we truly are on the cusp of a brand new era of commercial lunar space travel.
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> Golden Spike's plan is to use existing rockets and emerging commercial crew spacecraft to lower the cost of a two-person expedition to the lunar surface to roughly the price of current robotic missions to the Moon. Golden Spike would only develop new systems — such as a lander and surface suits — where no existing system exists or is in development. Such an approach offers enormous cost, schedule and reliability advantages. And it's viable. Market studies done for Golden Spike show the possibility of 15-20 expeditions in the decade following a first landing.
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> The idea of an American aerospace firm orchestrating important scientific and exploratory missions for government space programs around the world as well as corporations and adventurous individuals is extremely exciting.
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> I was so convinced that I am now an adviser to the company as it progresses through its first wave of lunar lander and spacesuit studies.
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> Such efforts need to be applauded and supported by policymakers, investors and entrepreneurs across the country in recognition of Golden Spike's bold vision and the patriotic role the company is playing in restoring American leadership in space.
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> In fact, NASA itself should look carefully at what Golden Spike is doing and incorporate its plans into America's national space ambitions. The agency, in my opinion, should be among Golden Spike's first customers and biggest allies.
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> As the company said in its debut press conference last December, Golden Spike is not about America going back to the Moon but about the American entrepreneurial spirit leading the rest of the world to the Moon. I say let's all get onboard and return to where we belong.
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> The Shuttle Flight That Did it All: Twenty Years Since STS-51
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> Ben Evans – AmericaSpace.com
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> "T-30 seconds … "
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> The words of the launch commentator at the Kennedy Space Center on the morning of 12 August 1993 were calm and measured, as all eyes focused upon Space Shuttle Discovery as she entered the final portion of the countdown to fly STS-51. The mission—a nine-day flight to deploy a NASA advanced communications satellite and release and retrieve an ultraviolet telescope on a Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), as well as perform a spacewalk—had already been postponed twice, with the astronauts aboard the vehicle. It was hoped that today would be third time lucky for Commander Frank Culbertson, Pilot Bill Readdy, and Mission Specialists Jim Newman, Dan Bursch, and Carl Walz … but the gremlins of ill-fortune still had one more card to play.
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> So far, everything had gone well. The five men had closed and locked their visors and their eyes were focused intently on their instruments. At T-5 minutes, Readdy switched on Discovery's Auxiliary Power Units (APUs), bringing life, muscle, and control to the hydraulic systems. The clock continued counting. At T-31 seconds, command of the countdown and all vehicle critical functions were handed off to the shuttle's on-board computers.
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> "T-10, 9, 8, 7 … Go for Main Engine Start … "
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> Inside the cabin, the astronauts felt the immense vibration as turbopumps awoke, liquid oxygen and hydrogen flooded into the combustion chambers of Discovery's main engines, and they roared to life … and, all at once, were automatically shut down. The roar was replaced first by an ethereal silence and then by the blaring of the master alarm.
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> " … We have a Main Engine Cutoff. Safing in work … "
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> The communications loop from the Launch Control Center provided a flurry of messages, verifying that the three main engines were in post-shutdown standby and requesting Readdy to shut down the three APUs. No fire detectors on Pad 39B had tripped during the incident, which would later be traced to a faulty fuel-flow sensor in the No. 2 main engine. The engine had posted a "major component failure," caused by the sensor glitch, about 0.6 seconds after ignition. "This condition," noted NASA's official STS-51 Mission Report, "caused a miscompare which violated the Launch Commit Criteria … As a result of the failure, the engines were shut down and safing activities were initiated."
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> Shortly thereafter, the five astronauts disembarked from Discovery, aware from previous Redundant Set Launch Sequencer (RSLS) aborts that their launch had been called off for several weeks at best. The main engines were replaced and an attempt was provisionally scheduled for 10 September, but this was itself slipped by two days, as a result of the failure on 21 August of NASA's Mars Observer, shortly before its arrival at the Red Planet. During the early investigation into the loss of Mars Observer, it was revealed that the spacecraft's Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS)—a near-identical booster to that of STS-51's primary payload, the $363 million Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS)—had exhibited a transistor failure. During the additional two days' delay, engineers and managers verified that there was no commonality between the Mars Observer fault and ACTS.
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> Liftoff of the long-delayed mission finally took place at 7:45 a.m. EDT on the 12th, and a nominal ascent placed Discovery into the intended orbit. Years later, Jim Newman recalled his first experience of flying in space. "When we first got to orbit, it was exhilarating," he told a NASA interviewer. "I can remember getting out of my seat and going to the windows in the aft flight deck. The orbiter was upside-down, so that we were able to look and see the Earth, 'beneath' us. If you've ever seen the IMAX movies, they almost capture it all, but to be floating—to be seeing the Earth with my own eyes—was really spectacular!"
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> Within two hours, the payload bay doors were open, exposing STS-51's twin-satellite cargo space environment for the first time. At the rear end of the bay, the ACTS-TOS combination represented one of the most advanced communications satellites ever inserted into orbit. ACTS' purpose was to serve as a testbed for the development of high-risk advanced communications satellite technologies, employing sophisticated antenna beams and on-board switching and processing systems and bringing together government, academia, and industry. Specifically, the satellite operated across three channels within the 30/20 GHz Ka-band, which boasted 2.5 GHz of available spectrum—some five times that available at lower-frequency bands—and very high-gain, multiple-hopping beam antennas which permitted smaller-aperture Earth stations.
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> Attached to the base of ACTS was the TOS booster, making its second flight after Mars Observer and its first and only flight aboard the shuttle. On STS-51, the TOS was tasked with delivering the payload into an elliptical geosynchronous transfer orbit. In readiness for the release of the payload, Discovery's aft flight deck was a hive of activity on the first day of the mission, with deployment anticipated eight hours after launch, at 3:43 p.m. EDT, on the sixth orbit. The astronauts checked out the TOS' critical systems and unlatched and rotated the upper forward cradle into its "open" configuration, after which the entire payload was elevated to an angle of 42 degrees.
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> The Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), mounted onto its Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS) booster, drifts serenely away from Discovery after deployment. Photo Credit: NASA
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> However, deployment was postponed by another orbit, lasting 90 minutes, when orbiter S-band forward-link communications with Mission Control were lost. Flight controllers could receive telemetry and voice communications from Discovery, but not vice-versa. The astronauts followed their malfunction protocols, waved off the planned deployment, and changed the S-band to a lower frequency. This restored communications after 45 minutes. Deployment finally took place at 5:13 p.m. EDT, about 9.5 hours into the mission. Under the direction of Walz and Newman, a "Super*Zip" separation mechanism was fired and springs on the aft cradle of the TOS pushed the payload away from the shuttle.
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> It later became clear from video footage that extensive damage had been caused to the expanding tube assembly and doublers on the Super*Zip ring. Debris included sharp-edged metal and other non-metallic materials, and well over half of the expanding tube assembly was recorded as being "no longer restrained to the airborne support equipment." Investigations revealed that the primary and backup separation "cords" of the Super*Zip ring were fired simultaneously and, despite concern about potential damage to the orbiter, it was determined that the payload bay liners and thermal blankets could sustain impacts from the expanding tube assembly fragments if they came loose during re-entry.
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> In mid-October 1993, an investigative board was established by Jeremiah Pearson, NASA's associate administrator for space flight, to identify the cause of the Super*Zip incident. The board found a total of 36 debris hits in Discovery's mid-body and aft bulkhead areas, resulting in tears, gouges, scratches, and the deposition of residue on several surfaces. One area of penetration passed through the aft bulkhead itself. "None of the debris hits had any effect during the flight," noted NASA's post-flight summary, "and all damage sites will be repaired during turnaround operations."
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> With the deployment of ACTS behind them, the STS-51 astronauts pressed on with the remainder of their mission, which, although scheduled for nine days, was expected to be extended to a "highly desirable" 10 days. The crew's second major payload was the German-built Shuttle Pallet Satellite, which had flown on two previous missions, but which was being carried for the first time in its new "ASTRO-SPAS" configuration. Unlike its first-generation predecessor, ASTRO-SPAS had the capability to remain in autonomous free-flight for up to 10 days, commanded by the mobile German SPAS Payload Operations Centre (SPOC). The power for the satellite and its payloads came from a new lithium-sulphate battery pack and precise attitude-control was provided by a three-axis-stabilised cold-gas system, a star tracker, and a space-borne global-positioning system (GPS) receiver.
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> The satellite's precise attitude-control capabilities enabled it to support sensitive astronomical and Earth-observation sensors, with several missions planned. Two of these would carry a set of infrared telescopes and spectrometers to examine the upper atmosphere, one was scheduled (but never flown) to demonstrate advanced automated rendezvous and capture technologies in support of Space Station Freedom, and two others—including the ASTRO-SPAS aboard STS-51—carried the Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS). This instrument, with a large telescope, was designed to investigate very hot and very cold matter in the universe, combined with an Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS). Also affixed to the ASTRO-SPAS framework was a surface effects sample monitor to evaluate several future telescope material samples and a remote IMAX camera.
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> As the mission progressed, not only would the STS-51 astronauts successfully deploy and retrieve ORFEUS, but they would also support an ambitious spacewalk, during which Walz and Newman supported preparations for the daunting repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. In so doing, Frank Culbertson's crew established their mission as one which demonstrated virtually all of the shuttle's myriad capabilities. And it demonstrated them in style.
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> In the entirety of its 30-year operational career, none of the voyages of the space shuttle could be truly described as "ordinary" and certainly not "routine." Twenty years ago this week, five men launched into orbit aboard Discovery on one of the most extraordinary flights in history. The extraordinary nature of their flight began before they even lifted off, when they fell victim to a harrowing launch pad abort. During their 10 days in space, Commander Frank Culbertson, Pilot Bill Readdy, and Mission Specialists Jim Newman, Dan Bursch, and Carl Walz launched an advanced NASA communications satellite, deployed and retrieved an ultraviolet observatory, performed an ambitious spacewalk, and executed the first night-time landing of the shuttle era at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC).
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> Launched on 12 September 1993, Culbertson's crew completed their first major objective about 9.5 hours into the mission, by deploying the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), as described in yesterday's history article. Their second payload was the German-built Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), which had flown on two previous missions, but which was being carried for the first time in its new "ASTRO-SPAS" configuration. Unlike its first-generation predecessor, ASTRO-SPAS had the capability to remain in autonomous free-flight for up to 10 days, commanded by the mobile German SPAS Payload Operations Centre (SPOC). The power for the satellite and its payloads came from a new lithium-sulphate battery pack, and precise attitude-control was provided by a three-axis-stabilised cold-gas system, a star tracker, and a space-borne global-positioning system (GPS) receiver.
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> The satellite's precise attitude-control capabilities enabled it to support sensitive astronomical and Earth-observation sensors, with several missions planned. Two of these would carry a set of infrared telescopes and spectrometers to examine the upper atmosphere, one was scheduled (but never flown) to demonstrate advanced automated rendezvous and capture technologies in support of Space Station Freedom, and two others—including the ASTRO-SPAS aboard STS-51—carried the Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS). This instrument, with a large telescope, was designed to investigate very hot and very cold matter in the universe, combined with an Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS). Also affixed to the ASTRO-SPAS framework was a surface effects sample monitor to evaluate several future telescope material samples and a remote IMAX camera.
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> Of these, ORFEUS—which extended to a length of 8 feet through the middle of the ASTRO-SPAS satellite—was by far the largest instrument. It was to observe the far and extreme ultraviolet, a region of the electromagnetic spectrum obscured from ground-based astronomers by the atmosphere. ORFEUS was expected to add a great deal to scientific understanding of the life-cycles of celestial objects by studying hot stellar atmospheres and white dwarfs, together with supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, and star-forming clouds of gas and dust. Operating alongside the telescope, IMAPS continued an earlier series of experiments aboard high-altitude sounding rockets to observe galactic objects and examine the fine structure of interstellar gas lines. During orbital operations, ORFEUS' two spectrometers—far and extreme—were operated alternately, by "flipping" a mirror into the beam reflected off the instrument's primary mirror.
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> Deployment required Dan Bursch to operate Discovery's Remote Manipulator System (RMS) mechanical arm, whilst Jim Newman monitored the health of the ORFEUS-SPAS systems from the aft flight deck. After powering up the payload, command and data links were established and the SPOC guided ORFEUS-SPAS through a lengthy pre-deployment checkout. Its gyros were calibrated whilst still berthed, its data tape recorder was reset, and Bursch prepared to raise the satellite above the payload bay. Preparations were slightly hampered by problems transmitting command files, which forced a one-orbit delay. When all was ready, Bursch released ORFEUS-SPAS from the arm at 11:05 a.m. EDT on 13 September, a little more than a day into the mission, and the satellite drifted into the inky blackness. Frank Culbertson performed a separation manoeuvre to draw the shuttle to a distance of about 12 miles "ahead" of ORFEUS-SPAS. Under SPOC control, the satellite performed an inertial "attitude hold," then a second gyro calibration, and the IMAX camera began recording spectacular images of the departing Discovery.
>
> For the next six days—far longer than earlier SPAS missions—the payload remained in free flight, with the shuttle acting as a relay station to transmit ground commands from SPOC controllers to the satellite and vice versa. At length, on 19 September, the final maneuvers to recapture ORFEUS-SPAS got underway, five and a half hours ahead of retrieval, and with Discovery then in a position about 30 miles "behind" its quarry. Closing at an approximate rate of around nine miles per orbit, Culbertson executed four mid-course correction burns and finally took manual control of the orbiter for the final moments of the rendezvous. Meanwhile, an automatic laser range-finder in the payload bay and a second, hand-held, device, operated by Bill Readdy, provided data on distances and rates of closure. Finally, at 9:49 a.m. EDT, Bursch grappled the satellite with the RMS arm. The first flight of ORFEUS-SPAS had achieved more than 100 percent of its pre-launch scientific objectives.
>
> Between the deployment and retrieval of ORFEUS-SPAS, a six-hour spacewalk to build up NASA's EVA experience base in readiness for the construction of Space Station Freedom was conducted on 16 September by Carl Walz and Jim Newman. One of its primary goals was to "evaluate several tools that may be used during the servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope," including "a power socket wrench, a torque wrench, foot restraints, safety tethers, and tool holders." Although the RMS arm was aboard, it was not to be used as part of the EVA trials, since it was committed to the ORFEUS-SPAS retrieval.
>
> Preparatory work began on the second day of the mission, when the cabin pressure was reduced to permit "pre-breathing" protocols and Walz and Newman commenced standard checks of their space suits and tools. Early on the 16th, they donned the suits and underwent leak checks, a nitrogen purge and—a little earlier than intended—started their 40-minute period of pre-breathing. The airlock hatch into Discovery's payload bay opened at 4:39 a.m. EDT, and the spacewalkers proceeded directly into their EVA timeline, with Walz examining debris from the Super*Zip malfunction. He verified Mission Control's consensus that the debris appeared sufficiently stable for landing, since it was securely held down in two places, and it was considered more prudent to leave it alone, rather than risk damaging their space suits from contact with sharp metal edges.
>
> Working through their tasks, Walz and Newman—who were both first-time astronauts, as well as first-time spacewalkers—found that operating in the microgravity environment, suited, was far easier than it had been in the Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) water tank at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas. An attempt to use the power tool in a high-torque evaluation was slightly delayed by a low-battery warning, which prompted Newman to return to the airlock for a spare, and the men opined that the mini work stations on the RMS offered "very little restraint for the torque operations." Later, Newman evaluated a portable foot restraint for the Hubble mission and found that it was much harder to egress the device than it had been in ground simulations. The astronauts returned to the airlock after seven hours and five minutes outside. In their post-flight debriefing, Walz and Newman stressed the importance of thermal vacuum chamber tests as part of EVA training.
>
> Discovery's landing at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) was planned for the morning of 21 September, but was postponed due to unacceptable weather forecasts in the vicinity of the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) runway. Both opportunities for that day were called off, but 22 September proved more acceptable and Culbertson and Readdy performed the deorbit burn at 2:55 a.m. EDT, committing Discovery to its hour-long hypersonic glide home. The orbiter landed safely on Runway 15 at 3:56 a.m. and enjoyed a smooth drag chute deployment and rollout, punctuated by an earlier-than-intended APU shutdown when burning plumes were observed from the port-side exhaust ducts. Although seen on previous missions and not deemed abnormal, the plumes appeared more dramatic since Discovery landed at night. After more than two months of delays, the shuttle fleet was back in action.
>
> In many ways, the accomplishments of STS-51—multiple satellite deployments, coupled with the intricacies of orbital rendezvous and station-keeping, spacewalking, scientific experiments, and nocturnal launches or landings—continued to lay the groundwork for the requirements of many shuttle missions in the following years. Many of the tasks completed by Frank Culbertson and his crew would prove important in a very pivotal sense as NASA proceeded into the shuttle-Mir effort and began moving toward the construction and on-orbit maintenance of today's International Space Station.
>
> END
>
>
>
>

Subject: Fwd: Human Spaceflight News - September 24, 2013
References: <7F10211CD602224DB7B4BB3E4E6DB4A6072B9C@NDJSMBX104.ndc.nasa.gov>
From: Bobby Martin <bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com>
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boundary=Apple-Mail-2-141945519
X-Mailer
<html><body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><div><br><br>Sent from my iPad</div><div><br>Begin forwarded message:<br><br></div><blockquote type="cite"><div><b>From:</b> "Moon, Larry J. (JSC-EA411)" &lt;<a href="mailto:larry.j.moon@nasa.gov">larry.j.moon@nasa.gov</a>&gt;<br><b>Date:</b> September 24, 2013 6:43:48 AM GMT-06:00<br><b>To:</b> "Moon, Larry J. (JSC-EA411)" &lt;<a href="mailto:larry.j.moon@nasa.gov">larry.j.moon@nasa.gov</a>&gt;<br><b>Subject:</b> <b>FW: Human Spaceflight News - September 24, 2013</b><br><br></div></blockquote><div><span></span></div><blockquote type="cite"><div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><span class="applelinkswhite"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:white">Tuesday, September 24, 2013</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:white"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><a href="http://strategicplan.jsc.nasa.gov/"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:white;text-decoration:none">JSC 2.0</span></b></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><a href="http://internal.jsc.nasa.gov"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:white;text-decoration:none">Inside JSC</span></b></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><a href="http://internal.jsc.nasa.gov/Lists/Calendar/calendar.aspx"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:white;text-decoration:none">JSC Events</span></b></a>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><a href="http://www6.jsc.nasa.gov/pao/news/jsctoday/submit.cfm"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:white;text-decoration:none">Submit JSC Today</span></b></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/roundup/roundup_toc.html"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:white;text-decoration:none">JSC Roundup</span></b></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><a href="http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/readersroom.html"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:white;text-decoration:none">Reader's Room</span></b></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<h3 style="margin-left:2.25pt;vertical-align:baseline"><a name="the_top">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;JSC TODAY CATEGORIES</a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#336699"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><a href="#r1"><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Headlines</span><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none">
</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17546"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Innovation 2013: Mini-Innovation Event Today</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17580"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Building 41 Demolition Tomorrow</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17565"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Record Number of JSC Technologies in Tech Briefs</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17568"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Astronaut Karen Nyberg Featured in Cosmopolitan</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17560"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> 13 Days of Safety &amp; Health - Day 1 Infuenza</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17567"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Visit Your Favorite Theme at Safety &amp; Health Day</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17563"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Your Voice Has Been Heard</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#336699;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><a href="#r2"><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Organizations/Social</span><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none">
</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17559"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Human Systems Integration ERG Meeting Today</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17490"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> The College Money Guys</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17516"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Emerge - The Next Generation Meet &amp; Greet</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17570"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Starport Jewelry Fair Today</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17571"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> JSC Holiday Bazaar: Vendor Applications Due Friday</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17566"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Last Chance to Pre-Order Autographed Book</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17527"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Creativity and Innovation</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#336699;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><a href="#r3"><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Jobs and Training</span><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none">
</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17539"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Training Required for Admin Rights - MEP</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17531"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Fall Financial Wellness Webinars and Counseling</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17538"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> HTC University at JSC Entrepreneurship Course</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17561"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> OCFO Employee Time and Attendance Charging Course</span></a><br>
-&nbsp;<a href="#r17530"><span style="color:#336699;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none"> Job Opportunities</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
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<img border="0" width="226" height="170" id="_x0000_i1030" src="cid:image002.jpg@01CEB8F9.B261E290" alt="Soyuz Rolls Out to Launch Pad"><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/content/soyuz-rolls-out-to-launch-pad-0" target="_blank"><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Soyuz Rolls Out to Launch Pad</span></a>
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<h2 style="vertical-align:baseline"><a name="r1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Headlines</a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#336699"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<a name="r17546"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Innovation 2013: Mini-Innovation Event Today
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Innovation 2013 takes it to the next level with three more forums to get the JSC community "connecting" and "collaborating."
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">C3 Forums and Presenters:
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">• Robert Banfield/BA: "Connecting and Collaborating: How is JSC doing in the view of our partner organizations?"
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">• Lynn Buquo/SA: "The Crowd Outside Our Gates: How the NASA Center of Excellence for Collaborative Information (CoECI) Can Advance
Your Project." <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">• Michael Kincaid/AD: "JSC External Relations 2.0: Check Out New Strategic Communications Approach"
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Please register in SATERN and receive training credit for your choice of presentation. The links are included in our Innovation
websites at <a href="https://innovation2013.jsc.nasa.gov/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">https://innovation2013.jsc.nasa.gov/</span></b></a> (if you are at JSC) and
<a href="http://i2013.jsc.nasa.gov/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">http://i2013.jsc.nasa.gov/</span></b></a> (if you are external to JSC). Our websites also have a full description of each training event.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Event Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2013 &nbsp; Event Start Time:12:00 PM &nbsp; Event End Time:1:00 PM<br>
Event Location: Building 35 Collaboration Center<br>
<br>
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17546"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Add to Calendar</span></b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:Suzan.P.Thomas@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Suzan Thomas</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x48772</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<a href="https://innovation2013.jsc.nasa.gov/%20and%20http:/i2013.jsc.nasa.gov/">
<b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">https://innovation2013.jsc.nasa.gov/ and http://i2013.jsc.nasa.gov/</span></b></a>
<br>
<br>
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<a name="r17580"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Building 41 Demolition Tomorrow
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Building 41 will be demolished tomorrow, Sept. 25, at 8 a.m.&nbsp;Employees are welcome to come out and view the demolition from behind
the barricade area. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Building 41 was originally built in 1969 as the Hypo/Hyperbaric Training Facility, which&nbsp;was used to train individuals on the physiological
aspects of flight. In 1999, the building was renamed the Physiological Training Facility to reflect a change in name of the organization that utilized the facility.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">After&nbsp;demolition,&nbsp;this area will be returned to native&nbsp;landscape.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:lisa.gurgos@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Lisa Gurgos</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x48133</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
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<ol start="3" type="1">
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<a name="r17565"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Record Number of JSC Technologies in Tech Briefs
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">JSC has 13 new technologies, the highest number published for JSC in a single issue, featured in the September 2013
<i>NASA Tech Briefs</i> magazine. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">The new JSC advanced research and technology innovations in the September publication include: Li-Ion Battery and Supercapacitor
Hybrid Design for Long Extravehicular Activities; Next-Generation MKIII Lightweight HUT/Hatch Assembly; Ion Exchange Technology Development in Support of the Urine Processor Assembly; FRET-Aptamer Assays for Bone Marker Assessment; C-Telopeptide, Creatinine,
and Vitamin D, Enigma Version 12; Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD) Shield Ballistic Limit Analysis Program; Wing Leading Edge RCC Rapid Response Damage Prediction Tool (IMPACT2); Automated Loads Analysis System (ATLAS); GFE Chutes Lo-Fi; Integrated
Main Propulsion System Performance Reconstruction Process/Models; Kinect Engineering with Learning (KEWL); Jettison Engineering Trajectory Tool; and PredGuid+A: Orion Entry Guidance Modified for Aerocapture.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">For details on these technologies and their inventors, visit the
<a href="http://ao.jsc.nasa.gov/pages.ashx/50/JSC%20Tech%20Briefs"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Strategic Opportunities &amp; Partnership Development (SOPD) website</span></b></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:holly.e.kurth@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Holly Kurth</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x32951</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
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<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17568"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Astronaut Karen Nyberg Featured in Cosmopolitan
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Astronaut Karen Nyberg has been named in
<i>Cosmopolitan</i> magazine's 2013 Cosmo Power List, highlighting women who "upgraded our world" this past year. Nyberg, who launched to space on May 28, encourages women to pursue their passions and embrace their ability to be technical and feminine.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">See the list
<a href="http://bit.ly/1esvffL"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">here</span></b></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:megan.c.sumner@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Megan Sumner</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">281-792-7520</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
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<ol start="5" type="1">
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<a name="r17560"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">13 Days of Safety &amp; Health - Day 1 Infuenza
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">To prepare for JSC's Safety &amp; Health Day 2.0.13, we're kicking off 13 days of Safety &amp; Health - highlighting important safety and
health topics. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><b><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Day 1 - The Flu, or Influenza
</span></i></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">A "typical" case of influenza can cause you to miss one to three weeks of work/school. A flu shot takes less than an hour from
your workday, and costs range from zero to $30. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">More than 200,000 people are hospitalized with influenza complications annually in the United States, and more than 36,000 die,
making influenza and pneumonia the eighth leading cause of death. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Flu viruses spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing. Most adults may infect others beginning the first
day, before symptoms develop, and up to five days after becoming ill. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Flu shots will be available on Safety &amp; Health Day in the Building 30 lobby.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">For more information, contact Robert Martel or click
<a href="http://sd.jsc.nasa.gov/omoh/scripts/OccupationalMedicine/Fluprogram.aspx">
<b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">here</span></b></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:supricia.e.franklkin@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Supricia Franklin/Angel Plaza</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x37817/x37305</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<a href="http://sthday.jsc.nasa.gov/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">http://sthday.jsc.nasa.gov/</span></b></a>
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<a name="r17567"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Visit Your Favorite Theme at Safety &amp; Health Day
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Bold, new, innovative—Oct. 10's Safety &amp; Health Day will be easier to navigate than ever before. All booths will be organized into
common areas color-coded for visual recognition. The different areas are: Pathway to Safety (green); Gateway to Wellness (blue); Animal Trail (tan); JSC for You (yellow); and Stimulation Hall (pink). Don't miss the self-defense demos in the green area, health
screenings in the blue, our furry friends and not-so-cute bugs in the tan, organizational exhibits in yellow and the many activities taking place in the pink area at the Teague. We are
<a href="http://sthday.jsc.nasa.gov/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">populating the website</span></b></a>, so visit often for more information and to print a color-coded map.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Event Date: Thursday, October 10, 2013 &nbsp; Event Start Time:10:00 AM &nbsp; Event End Time:12:30 PM<br>
Event Location: JSC Pond and Teague <br>
<br>
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17567"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Add to Calendar</span></b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:dorinda.l.carmichael@nasa.gov%20"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Rindy Carmichael</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x45078</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17563"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Your Voice Has Been Heard
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><em><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">Summary of 2012 Survey Results</span></em><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Results have been calculated for the November 2012 Safety Culture Survey. More than 1,000 employees participated, encompassing
11 percent of the JSC population - 62 percent contractor and 32 percent civil servant. According to the survey, ratings in all but one category were higher than the 2010 survey, showing that employees are, in general, very satisfied with the JSC safety culture.
One question did fall short of 2010 results in the category of flexibility: "People in our organization manage change well." Based on reviewing comments and other survey results, this measure seems to be more associated with overall change in government. A
number of actions are in work to address continuing efforts to bolster our safety culture. To learn more about the results of the survey, you can find more
<a href="http://www6.jsc.nasa.gov/safety/docs/JSC_Safety_Culture_Survey_2012_Summary.pptx">
<b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">here</span></b></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:david.t.loyd@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">David T. Loyd</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x31935</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
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<h2 style="vertical-align:baseline"><a name="r2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Organizations/Social</a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#336699"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17559"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Human Systems Integration ERG Meeting Today
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Please bring your lunch and join us today at 11:30 a.m. as we elect new officers for the HSI Employee Resource Group (ERG) and
discuss future goals and priorities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Event Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2013 &nbsp; Event Start Time:11:30 AM &nbsp; Event End Time:12:30 PM<br>
Event Location: B1/220<br>
<br>
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17559"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Add to Calendar</span></b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:deborah.j.neubek@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Deb Neubek</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">281-222-3687</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<a href="https://collaboration.ndc.nasa.gov/iierg/HSI/SitePages/Home.aspx"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">https://collaboration.ndc.nasa.gov/iierg/HSI/SitePages/Home.aspx</span></b></a>
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<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17490"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The College Money Guys
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">The JSC Employee Assistance Program is happy to present Kris Lloyd with The College Money Guys. Lloyd will provide information
on paying for college without going broke. If you are the parent of a high school student who plans to attend college, you need to attend this free workshop today, Sept. 24, at 12 noon in the Building 30 Auditorium.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Event Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2013 &nbsp; Event Start Time:12:00 PM &nbsp; Event End Time:1:00 PM<br>
Event Location: Building 30 Auditorium<br>
<br>
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17490"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Add to Calendar</span></b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:lorraine.k.bennett@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Lorrie Bennett, Employee Assistance Program, Occupational Health Branch</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x36130</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
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<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17516"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Emerge - The Next Generation Meet &amp; Greet
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">The JSC community is invited to celebrate Emerge, the center's new Employee Resource Group (ERG) for the next generation, tomorrow,
Sept. 25, from noon to 1 p.m. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Our mission is to leverage the unique perspectives of the next generation to evolve the JSC onboarding experience, foster cross-center
collaboration, engage the community in JSC's mission and develop the leaders of tomorrow!
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Come network and participate in activities at our committee booths while learning how Emerge can benefit you. Refreshments will
be provided! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">For more information about this group, contact Elena C. Buhay.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Specific points of contact for this event:
<a href="mailto:mario.a.tijerina@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Mario Tijerina</span></b></a> at 910-546-7385 or
<a href="mailto:ebony.n.fondren@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Ebony Fondren</span></b></a> at 281-483-2490.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Event Date: Wednesday, September 25, 2013 &nbsp; Event Start Time:12:00 PM &nbsp; Event End Time:1:00 PM<br>
Event Location: Bldg 3 Collaboration Center<br>
<br>
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17516"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Add to Calendar</span></b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:elena.buhay@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Elena C. Buhay</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">281-792-7976</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<br>
<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17570"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Starport Jewelry Fair Today
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Masquerade Jewelry will be out today to showcase $5 jewelry! Stop by Building 3 from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. and experience the frenzy
of $5 jewelry and accessories.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Event Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2013 &nbsp; Event Start Time:8:00 AM &nbsp; Event End Time:3:00 PM<br>
Event Location: Building 3<br>
<br>
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17570"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Add to Calendar</span></b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:shelly.t.haralson@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Shelly Haralson</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x39168</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<a href="http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/</span></b></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="5" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17571"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">JSC Holiday Bazaar: Vendor Applications Due Friday
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">The Starport JSC Holiday Bazaar at the Gilruth Center will be Nov. 9, and we are now taking applications for vendors. If you have
special arts and crafts, jewelry, candles, holiday décor, baked goods and more that would be a great addition to our event, submit your application by Sept. 27 for consideration. The application and more information can be found on
<a href="https://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/en/programs/special-events/holiday-bazaar">
<b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">our website</span></b></a>. <o:p>
</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:shelly.t.haralson@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Shelly Haralson</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x39168</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<a href="http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/</span></b></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="6" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17566"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Last Chance to Pre-Order Autographed Book
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Starport is accepting presale orders for an upcoming book signing and speech by astronaut and author Tom Jones. Date and location
to be announced. Books must be purchased at Starport. Choose "Skywalking" for $15.99 (soft cover), "Planetology" for $35 or "Hell Hawks" for $24.95. Reserve your copies today in the Buildings 3 and 11 Starport Gift Shops,
<a href="http://www.shopnasa.com/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">or order online</span></b></a>. No discounts apply for special purchase items.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:cynthia.j.kibby@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Cyndi Kibby</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x47467</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<br>
<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="7" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17527"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Creativity and Innovation
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Hugh Broughton Architects is a world-renowned architecture firm that designed the award-winning British Antarctica Halley VI research
station. On Oct. 15, Hugh Broughton will present "Creativity and Innovation: Sustainable Architecture in Antarctica." Broughton is one of the world's leading architects of polar research facilities, following high-profile commissions such as Halley VI, the
British Antarctic Survey's new research station on the floating Brunt Ice Shelf, Juan Carlos 1 Spanish Antarctic Base on Livingstone Island and the Atmospheric Watch Observatory at Summit Station in Greenland for the U.S. National Science Foundation. Please
plan to join us for this inspiring lecture on creativity and innovation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Event Date: Tuesday, October 15, 2013 &nbsp; Event Start Time:9:30 AM &nbsp; Event End Time:11:00 AM<br>
Event Location: B30 Auditorium<br>
<br>
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17527"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Add to Calendar</span></b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:kriss.j.kennedy@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Kriss Kennedy</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x36629</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<br>
<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="vertical-align:baseline"><a name="r3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jobs and Training</a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#336699"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17539"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Training Required for Admin Rights - MEP
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">NASA is implementing Managed Elevated Privileges (MEP) on all IT devices to reduce the security risks. Everyone who needs elevated
privileges (admin rights) must take training courses via SATERN by searching for "Elevated Privileges on NASA Information Systems" (ITS-002-09).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Deployment is beginning this week to the first of several pilot groups. This will happen in various stages, and your organizations
will be notified in advance before they are scheduled for deployment. Once implemented, NASA end users will not be granted administrative rights to NASA IT resources without training and authorization. Please take appropriate actions to be sure you get your
training and testing done before we start to deploy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Additional information can be found
<a href="http://ird.jsc.nasa.gov/InfoPedia/Wiki%20Pages/Managed%20Elevated%20Privileges%20FAQ.aspx">
<b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">here</span></b></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:heather.n.thomas@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Heather Thomas</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x30901</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<br>
<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17531"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Fall Financial Wellness Webinars and Counseling
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">You've still got time to sharpen your financial IQ with Exploration Wellness. Even though financial wellness classes concluded
this month, webinars and complimentary counseling will continue this fall. Turn education into action by learning the appropriate steps to follow with an expert. Family members are encouraged to participate. Enrollment details are at the link below.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Former students:
</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Anyone who was able to attend classes but has not scheduled their counseling session may still do so.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">All employees:
</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Employees who wanted to attend classes but were unable to may take advantage of the complimentary financial counseling.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Fall Webinars:
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">FW101: Financial Wellness Foundation
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">FW102: Budgets, Debt, Insurance and Long-Term Care
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">FW103: Investing and Retirement
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">FW104: Taxes and Estates
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">FW105: Debt Free for Life
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">FW109: Financial Transitions
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Enrollment Details
<a href="http://www.explorationwellness.com/rd/AE109.aspx?Sept_Signup.pdf"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">are at this link</span></b></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:jsc-wellness-program@mail.nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Shelly Haralson</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x39168</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<a href="http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">http://starport.jsc.nasa.gov/</span></b></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17538"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">HTC University at JSC Entrepreneurship Course
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Interested in learning how to turn your ideas and expertise into a company?&nbsp;Learn how by attending HTC University at JSC, Foundations
of Entrepreneurship and Starting a Business Course.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Friday, Sept. 27, 7:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">This one day course will focus on the fundamentals of starting a business. You will leave HTC University with a better understanding
of how to bring your company to fruition and take home materials to enact a plan to start your business.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Preparing a business plan<o:p></o:p></span></b></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Business structure and ownership<o:p></o:p></span></b></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Financial assumptions and projects<o:p></o:p></span></b></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Marketing<o:p></o:p></span></b></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level2 lfo7;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Financing alternatives<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ul>
</ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Register now
<a href="http://houstontech.org/events/1120/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">here</span></b></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Event Date: Friday, September 27, 2013 &nbsp; Event Start Time:7:30 AM &nbsp; Event End Time:3:30 PM<br>
Event Location: 2200 NASA Road 1 Houston, TX 77058<br>
<br>
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17538"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Add to Calendar</span></b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:eboatman@houstontech.org"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Evelyn Boatman</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">281-244-8271</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
<br>
<br>
<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo8;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17561"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">OCFO Employee Time and Attendance Charging Course
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">As part of the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO) subject-matter expert course series, Bridget Broussard-Guidry and Joan
Johnson will lead an Employee Time and Attendance Charging course focusing on all of the leave requirements and special hour types in WebTADS. The course will cover how to charge time under different circumstances and the rules pertaining to each type so that
all learners will be in full compliance with JSC and agency policy. An example of a Leave and Earnings Statement from Employee Express will be reviewed and explained in detail as well. The course is scheduled for Thursday, Oct. 17, from 2 to 3 p.m. in Building
45, Room 251. WebEx for the offering is available also. Please register in SATERN via one of the links below or by searching the catalog for the course title.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Class SATERN direct link:
<a href="https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_OFFERING_DETAILS&amp;scheduleID=70717">
<b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_...</span></b></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">WebEx SATERN direct link:
<a href="https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_OFFERING_DETAILS&amp;scheduleID=70719">
<b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_...</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:bridget.l.broussard-guidry@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Bridget Broussard-Guidry</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x34718</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
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<a name="r17530"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Job Opportunities
</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Where do I find job opportunities?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Both internal Competitive Placement Plan (CPP) and external JSC job announcements are posted on the Human Resources (HR) Portal
and <a href="http://www.usajobs.gov/"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">USAJOBS website</span></b></a>. Through the HR portal, civil servants can view summaries of all the agency jobs that are currently open at:
<a href="https://hr.nasa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/employees_home/239/job_opportunities/133142">
<b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">https://hr.nasa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/employees_home/239/job_opportu...</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">To help you navigate to JSC vacancies, use the filter drop-down menu and select "JSC HR." The "Jobs" link will direct you to the
USAJOBS website for the complete announcement and the ability to apply online. If you have questions about any JSC job vacancies, please call your HR representative.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434"><a href="mailto:lisa.s.pesak@nasa.gov"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Lisa Pesak</span></b></a>
</span><span class="applelinksblack"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#343434">x30476</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">
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<a href="#the_top"><b><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">[top]</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">JSC Today is compiled periodically as a service to JSC employees on an as-submitted basis. Any JSC organization or employee
may submit articles.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#343434">Disclaimer: Accuracy and content of these notes are the responsibility of the submitters.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;vertical-align:baseline">
No virus found in this message.<br>
Checked by AVG - <a href="http://www.avg.com"><a href="http://www.avg.com">www.avg.com</a></a><br>
Version: 2013.0.3408 / Virus Database: 3222/6687 - Release Date: 09/21/13<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">NASA TV:
</span></b><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/ntv"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">www.nasa.gov/ntv</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">7:40 am Central (8:40 EDT) – E37's Luca Parmitano interview with BBC World News<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">2 pm Central (3 EDT) – File: Russian State Commission mtg &amp; E37/38 pre-launch news conf.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:20.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Human Spaceflight News</span></strong><span style="font-size:20.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:20.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Tuesday – September 24, 2013</span></strong><span style="font-size:20.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><img border="0" width="557" height="359" id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:image006.jpg@01CEB8F2.C27B4CE0" alt="9894512964_b32838ac14_o[1]"></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Soyuz TMA-10M on Site 1 launch pad at Baikonur awaiting 3:58:50 pm Central Wednesday liftoff (Carla Cioffi)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">HEADLINES AND LEADS</span></u></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Rocket with Soyuz TMA-10M spacecraft installed at Baikonur launch pad<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Itar-Tass<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The Soyuz-FG carrier rocket with the Soyuz TMA-10M manned spacecraft taken out of the operations and checkout facility and installed on the Gagarin launch pad of the Baikonur cosmodrome, an official of the Russian Federal Space Agency
(Roscosmos) said. "The roll-out of the rocket and its lacing on the launch pad passed in a normal mode," he added. The new space expedition will be launched on the Soyuz TMA-10M spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS) early morning September 26.
The main ISS crew consists of Russian Federal Space Agency cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergei Ryazansky, as well as NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins. Their backups are Russian cosmonauts Alexander Skvortsov and Oleg Artemyev and NASA astronaut Steven Swanson.
On Tuesday, September 24, the state commission, chaired by first deputy head of the Russian Federal Space Agency Oleg Frolov, will finally approve the membership of the crew that will fly to the ISS on Thursday.
<b><span style="color:red">(NO FURTHER TEXT)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Longer delay for space station delivery mission<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Marcia Dunn - Associated Press<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A new commercial spaceship will wait all week before aiming again for the International Space Station. Orbital Sciences Corp.'s Cygnus capsule was supposed to arrive Sunday, four days after its launch. But the rendezvous was aborted
because of a discrepancy in navigation data between the two vessels. The Virginia company has developed and tested a software repair to sync up the two sets of GPS data. Different formats inadvertently were used for reporting time, said company spokesman Barron
Beneski. NASA's Bruce Manners, a commercial space project executive, called it a "very small, simple fix."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">New cargo ship's docking at space station delayed to Saturday<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Irene Klotz - Reuters<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A traffic jam at the International Space Station is prompting a second delay in the arrival of a new commercial cargo ship that is making a test run to the orbital outpost, officials said on Monday. The docking of the Cygnus freighter
was retargeted for Saturday to avoid conflicting with Wednesday's scheduled arrival of new crew members at the space station. Orbital Sciences originally had planned to fly the Cygnus to the station on Sunday following four days of maneuvers and communications
tests. A problem processing navigation data from the space station early on Sunday forced the rendezvous to be rescheduled for Tuesday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">ISS won't face orbital traffic jam<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><i>Cygnus cargo ship will dock at least three days after Soyuz does<o:p></o:p></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">James Dean - Florida Today<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Easing an orbital traffic jam, NASA and its partners nixed the possibility of back-to-back spacecraft arrivals at the International Space Station today and Wednesday. A Russian Soyuz spacecraft carrying a NASA astronaut and two crewmates
remains scheduled to dock at the orbiting research complex late Wednesday, about six hours after blasting off from Kazakhstan. But instead of trying to squeeze in a rendezvous today, an unmanned Cygnus cargo ship on its maiden flight won't approach the station
before Saturday, 10 days after its launch from Virginia, officials said Monday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Cargo Ship Docking at Space Station Is Delayed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Kenneth Chang – New York Times<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A commercial cargo spacecraft, which was to dock at the International Space Station on Sunday, will not make its second attempt until at least Saturday. It is the first flight of the unmanned Cygnus cargo ship built by Orbital Sciences
of Dulles, Va. Orbital said it fixed the software glitch that aborted the approach, but a traffic jam — three astronauts are to arrive on a Russian Soyuz on Wednesday — will delay the docking.
<b><span style="color:red">(NO FURTHER TEXT)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Software glitch delays Cygnus capsule's docking with Space Station<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Lee Roop - Huntsville Times<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Orbital Sciences Corp. says it has solved the communications problem that stopped its Cygnus capsule from approaching the International Space Station Sunday. That data transfer problem delayed the planned rendezvous between the capsule
and the station by 48 hours until Tuesday morning. Orbital is attempting to become the second commercial space company after SpaceX to send an uncrewed supply capsule to the station under NASA's new program to turn station supply and crew transport over to
private business. SpaceX also had problems on its first two launches when a rocket engine failed in 2012 and three three thrusters on its second Dragon capsule failed to fire in space in 2013. SpaceX overcame those issues to dock twice successfully. NASA says
the station sent the Cygnus capsule some "values that it did not expect" on Sunday "causing Cygnus to reject the data" and stop the approach. Orbital solved the problem with a software fix, NASA said. The three crew members on the station have a light day
Monday ahead of a busy week. Cygnus will arrive close enough Tuesday to be grappled by the station's Canadarm2 for docking, and a new three-person station crew arrives Wednesday from a launch in Russia.
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Crew Arrival, Communications Glitch Further Delay Cygnus Berthing
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Dan Leone - Space News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Ceding priority to a Soyuz spacecraft scheduled to fly three crew members to the international space station Sept. 25, Orbital Sciences Corp. has postponed the berthing of its Cygnus spacecraft with the outpost until Sept. 28 at the
earliest. Cygnus, which has been in space since Sept. 18, was originally scheduled to berth with the station Sept. 22, but a miscommunication between the spacecraft and the station prompted the company and NASA to reschedule Cygnus' arrival for Sept. 24. However,
on the morning of Sept. 23, Orbital wrote on its website that Cygnus' arrival would again be delayed to make room for an inbound Soyuz crew capsule.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Space station traffic jam delays 1st arrival of new Cygnus spacecraft<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Miriam Kramer - <a href="http://Space.com"><a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The first arrival of a brand-new commercial cargo ship at the International Space Station has been delayed until no earlier than Saturday to make way for a new crew launching to the orbiting lab this week, NASA officials say. The unmanned
Cygnus spacecraft built by Orbital Sciences Corp. — which launched into orbit on Sept. 18 — was initially expected to link up with the station on Sunday, but a software glitch forced controllers to abort the arrival and wait at least 48 hours for the next
attempt. Monday, NASA and Orbital officials said the supply ship will not arrive at the space station until Saturday, in part because a new station crew — Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazanskiy and NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins — is launching
to the orbiting lab Wednesday on a Russian Soyuz capsule.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">NASA, Orbital decide to delay Cygnus rendezvous with ISS again<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">T.J. Aulds - Galveston County Daily News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The much anticipated docking of Orbital Sciences' Cygnus spacecraft with the International Space Station will be delayed a bit longer. Cygnus was scheduled to dock at the space station on Sunday, but a glitch in the data connection between
the spacecraft and computers aboard the space station led to a mandatory 48-hour delay. After working on a software patch to fix the problem, Orbital officials had hoped to try for a rendezvous on Tuesday. But officials decided that was cutting it too close
for the Wednesday scheduled launch of a Soyuz capsule that is to deliver three new crew members to the space station.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Station Taxi Flight Bumps Cargo Spaceship Arrival<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Irene Klotz - Discovery News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Wednesday's scheduled launch and speedy arrival of three new crewmembers to the International Space Station will delay the rendezvous and docking of Orbital Sciences' Cygnus cargo ship until Saturday. The company, one of two hired by
NASA to fly cargo to the station following the retirement of the space shuttles, had hoped to fly its demonstration Cygnus ship to the station on Sunday but a software problem prompted a delay until Tuesday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Software, vehicle congestion delay Cygnus docking at Space Station<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">John Timmer - Ars Technica<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">After an apparently flawless launch last week, Orbital Sciences' Cygnus capsule was supposed to have docked on the International Space Station over the weekend. It didn't happen. Apparently, some of the data being sent down to Earth
from the vehicle wasn't formatted properly, and it took a couple of days to devise a fix and get it in place. The delay pushed the window for docking too close to the arrival of a new crew, set to lift off from Baikonur Cosmodrome on Wednesday afternoon (Eastern
US time). So Orbital's first rendezvous with the Station will have to wait until Saturday at the earliest.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">'Maker' Ideas Wanted for First 3D Printer In Space<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Denise Chow - <a href="http://Space.com"><a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A California-based company that will launch a 3D printer to the International Space Station in 2014 is aiming to change the way space agencies think about how they transport goods to the orbiting outpost. But, using a machine to spit
out spare parts for the space station is only the beginning. Built by the firm Made in Space, Inc., the first 3D printer in space will launch to the space station aboard commercial spaceflight provider SpaceX's Dragon capsule. The mission will largely be a
proof-of-concept flight, in which astronauts will use the device to demonstrate its functionality in the microgravity environment, Mike Chen, Made in Space co-founder and chief strategy officer, told an audience at World Maker Faire in Queens here Saturday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Scientists Want Funding to Send More Gerbils Into Space<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Moscow Times<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Russian and U.S. researchers have urged their governments to continue funding studies that involve sending unmanned satellites with animals into space. Missions like the cooperative Russian-U.S. Bion-M project, which took place in spring,
are a must for preparing longer spaceflights by humans, the researchers said in a statement on the mission's Russian blog posted Saturday. Experiments with critters onboard the International Space Station offer scientists a unique opportunity to increase the
depth and breadth of their study, unhampered by rules that would apply to those that are staged with a crew.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Commercial crew prepares for its next phase<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Jeff Foust – The Space Review<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">NASA's commercial cargo program has been in the spotlight in the last week, with the successful launch Wednesday morning of Orbital Sciences Corporation's first Cygnus cargo spacecraft on an Antares rocket from Virginia. While carrying
700 kilograms of cargo, the primary purpose of the mission is to put the Cygnus spacecraft through its paces, demonstrating it can safely transport cargo to the International Space Station. And like many test flights, there are glitches to overcome: the planned
rendezvous of Cygnus with the ISS on Sunday was waved off because of a computer glitch. Cygnus's arrival at the station is now planned for the end of this week, after the arrival of new crewmembers to the station. As the Cygnus mission plays out, the spotlight
will soon shift back over to NASA's commercial crew program. For more than a year, three companies—Boeing, Sierra Nevada, and SpaceX—have been working on the latest phase of the program, called Commercial Crew Integrated Capability, or CCiCap. Some of the
biggest milestones in the CCiCap are due in the coming months, while NASA prepares to roll out the next—and biggest—phase in the overall effort.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Manned mission to Mars an unlikely proposition<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><i>Current limits on exposure to radiation make chances of flight in near future pretty slim<o:p></o:p></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Todd Halvorson - Florida Today<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">An American expedition to Mars is the Holy Grail of U.S. human spaceflight, but more than a half-century after the dawn of the Space Age, the reality is this: NASA is "no-go," at least for now. To send an expedition to Mars today, NASA
would have to knowingly expose astronauts to cancerous, or even lethal, levels of space radiation. It's an ethical quandary for those involved in NASA's renewed push toward deep-space exploration. And it's being explored by some of the most distinguished scholars,
scientists, engineers, health professionals and ethicists in the nation. It's "the elephant in the room," NASA Chief Astronaut Robert Behnken recently told a National Academy of Sciences committee. "We're talking about a lot of ionizing radiation, almost a
guarantee for cancer, and you are really close to the edge of the range for lethal exposure," said Kristin Shrader-Frechette, a University of Notre Dame professor and a specialist in ethical issues that arise in scientific research and technology development.
"If we can't get shorter transit times in space, and we can't get better shielding, then we really can't do (a Mars) spaceflight."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="color:red">(NO FURTHER TEXT)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The 2013 Cosmo Power List<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Laura Brounstein – Cosmopolitan<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">What's sexier than a woman—like Jennifer Lopez—who loves what she does and does it better than anyone? Not much. So we went to the women who upgraded our world this year and asked them their
<a href="http://www.cosmopolitan.com/advice/work-money/2013-cosmo-power-list?click=main_sr">
secrets to building and enjoying their power.</a> Get inspired…Karen Nyberg - NASA flight engineer who sent Cosmo her answers from the International Space Station: "Know that you can be the smart person, the one who gets dirty and fixes things. Choosing a technical
job like engineering doesn't mean you're giving up being feminine." <b><span style="color:red">(NO FURTHER TEXT)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Stephen Colbert: Comedian, Emmy Winner, Fitness Trainer to Astronauts<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><i>Your occasional reminder that while Colbert is here with us on Earth, C.O.L.B.E.R.T. is working on the International Space Station<o:p></o:p></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Megan Garber - The Atlantic<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The International Space Station has a gym. It's a tiny gym, yes, and a gym that's been substantially modified to accommodate the overriding constraint of a gym that is part of the International Space Station: its removal from gravity.
But it's a gym nonetheless, and it's a place that's crucial to astronauts who, without the benefit of gravity exerting itself on their bodies, lose muscle mass and bone density during their tenure in space. ISS denizens put in Hollywood-star-in-training-level
workouts every day, not to be-buff themselves for a new role, but to keep them in shape for the one they have. I mention that because of Stephen Colbert. Actually, more specifically, I mention that because of C.O.L.B.E.R.T, one of the pieces of equipment in
the ISS gym -- the modified treadmill that astronauts use to simulate running while they're in space.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Why the Space Station Must Trump Exploration<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Donald Robertson - Space News (Opinion)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><i>(Robertson is a freelance space industry journalist based in San Francisco. He is a small shareholder in Orbital Sciences, a company discussed in this article)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Trust SpaceNews, the space industry's newspaper of record, to frame a key choice facing NASA and the United States in the starkest possible terms: Should we continue to support the international space station at $3 billion a year, consuming
about half the budget for human spaceflight? Or should we abandon the space station and try to embark on serious space exploration farther from the home world
<a href="http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37042policy-experts-choice-looming-between-iss-deep-space-missions">
["Policy Experts: Choice Looming Between ISS, Deep-space Missions"</a>]? While spaceflight has fared remarkably well in the budget battles so far, in the future NASA almost certainly will not be able to afford both the space station and serious exploration.
This is especially true if we continue to "explore" by building the expensive Space Launch System (SLS) on Earth, rather than using our limited money to launch smaller components on existing rockets, assembling spacecraft in orbit, and then sending them out
into the inner solar system.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Replacing the ISS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Eric Hedman - The Space Review (Opinion)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><i>(Hedman is the chief technology officer of Logic Design Corporation)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The debates about the future of human spaceflight are focused on where we should go next: should it be the Moon? An asteroid? An asteroid moved to lunar orbit? An Earth-Moon Lagrange point? Mars? Or should we even go beyond low earth
orbit? In the meantime, very little attention seems to be paid to the long-term future of human spaceflight in low earth orbit (LEO). The partner countries plan to extend the life of the International Space Station until at least 2020. There are discussions
on possibly extending it until 2028. The ISS, though, can't last forever. It wasn't designed to. The questions are: How long can it last? How long should it be used? Should it be replaced? When should it be replaced? Why should it be replaced? And what should
replace it? The ISS was designed for a number of purposes. In assessing if and how well the ISS has met its goals, you will probably get a variety of answers, depending upon people's varying perspectives and interests. The ISS has served as a pathfinder allowing
us humans to learn how to assemble and operate a station in LEO. There have been many lessons learned.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">When darkness falls: the future of the US crewed spaceflight program<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Roger Handberg - The Space Review (Commentary)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><i>(Handberg is Professor of Political Science at the University of Central Florida)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">In a recent article (<a href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2342/1">"NASA policy gets partisan",</a> The Space Review, August 5), Jeff Foust summed up the current state of the debate over the NASA exploration program thusly:
"Also, unlike 2010, when there was a heated debate about the future of NASA's exploration program, there is no driving issue of similar significance or urgency in 2013. With so little, relatively speaking, at stake, there is little incentive by the House and
Senate to transcend partisan disputes and come to an agreement on what NASA funding and policies should be." The operative wording is "there is no driving issue of similar significance or urgency in 2013." This effectively summarizes the current state of the
US space exploration program. The question is, how did the United States arrive at this situation, and is there a way forward? Both parts are unclear but this is one effort to address the question.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Back to the Moon, Commercially<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">James Lovell - Space News (Opinion)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><i>(Lovell, a member of the Golden Spike Co. board of advisers, is a former NASA astronaut who was commander of Apollo 13 and the first human to travel to the Moon twice)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Just a few weeks ago, the 44th anniversary of Apollo 11's historic mission fulfilling U.S. President John F. Kennedy's challenge to safely land a man on the Moon came and went. It was marked by little fanfare. It is hard to imagine that
four decades after Neil Armstrong took that "giant leap for mankind," a human presence on the lunar surface is just a distant memory and the Moon remains largely unexplored. No doubt, America's space program has gone on to some remarkable achievements: Apollo-Soyuz,
Skylab, the space shuttle, the Hubble Space Telescope, Mars rovers and the international space station — a lasting home in space occupied by a global crew 24/7, 365 days a year. But for many people, including old astronauts like myself, the human exploration
of the Moon remains America's crowning achievement amid the stars. It is certainly an event worthy of repeating, and many of us have long argued for sending new generations of explorers back to our closest celestial neighbor as a first step toward developing
the skills and technologies needed to travel deeper into our own solar system.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">The Shuttle Flight That Did it All: Twenty Years Since STS-51<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Ben Evans – <a href="http://AmericaSpace.com"><a href="http://AmericaSpace.com">AmericaSpace.com</a></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><a href="http://www.americaspace.com/?attachment_id=42056"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#666666;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="183" height="146" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image007.jpg@01CEB8F2.C27B4CE0" alt="Thanks to the camera aboard the ASTRO-SPAS payload, this remarkable view of Discovery drifting against the blue and white backdrop of Earth was acquired. Photo Credit: NASA"></span></b></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The words of the launch commentator at the Kennedy Space Center on the morning of 12 August 1993 were calm and measured, as all eyes focused upon Space Shuttle Discovery as she entered the final
portion of the countdown to fly STS-51. The mission—a nine-day flight to deploy a NASA advanced communications satellite and release and retrieve an ultraviolet telescope on a Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), as well as perform a spacewalk—had already been
postponed twice, with the astronauts aboard the vehicle. It was hoped that today would be third time lucky for Commander Frank Culbertson, Pilot Bill Readdy, and Mission Specialists Jim Newman, Dan Bursch, and Carl Walz … but the gremlins of ill-fortune still
had one more card to play.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">__________<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="section1"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="section1"><strong><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:windowtext">COMPLETE STORIES</span></u></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:windowtext"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Longer delay for space station delivery mission<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Marcia Dunn - Associated Press<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A new commercial spaceship will wait all week before aiming again for the International Space Station.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Orbital Sciences Corp.'s Cygnus capsule was supposed to arrive Sunday, four days after its launch. But the rendezvous was aborted because of a discrepancy in navigation data between the two vessels.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The Virginia company has developed and tested a software repair to sync up the two sets of GPS data. Different formats inadvertently were used for reporting time, said company spokesman Barron Beneski. NASA's Bruce Manners, a commercial
space project executive, called it a "very small, simple fix."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Despite the quick remedy, NASA and Orbital Sciences agreed Monday to delay this second delivery attempt until at least Saturday. That's because of an impending manned mission from Kazakhstan; it would have cut it too close and created
too big a workload to squeeze in the Cygnus before then.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Three astronauts are scheduled to blast off on a Russian rocket Wednesday and arrive at the space station later in the day. That will round out the crew to the normal six.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">This is the maiden voyage of the Cygnus and therefore considered a test flight.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Only one other private company has attempted space station shipments: Space Exploration Technologies Corp. of California, good for three deliveries over the past 1 1/2 years. SpaceX launches from Cape Canaveral, while Orbital Sciences
flies from Wallops Island, Va.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">NASA is contracting with the two companies to keep the 260-mile-high outpost stocked. Space shuttles used to ferry U.S. supplies. Russia, Japan and Europe launch their own cargo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Manners said the Cygnus has plenty of fuel and opportunities for numerous approaches. A firm delivery date will be chosen following the Soyuz arrival late Wednesday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">New cargo ship's docking at space station delayed to Saturday<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Irene Klotz - Reuters<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A traffic jam at the International Space Station is prompting a second delay in the arrival of a new commercial cargo ship that is making a test run to the orbital outpost, officials said on Monday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The docking of the Cygnus freighter was retargeted for Saturday to avoid conflicting with Wednesday's scheduled arrival of new crew members at the space station.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Orbital Sciences originally had planned to fly the Cygnus to the station on Sunday following four days of maneuvers and communications tests. A problem processing navigation data from the space station early on Sunday forced the rendezvous
to be rescheduled for Tuesday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Resolving the problem with a software fix left Orbital Sciences with a tight schedule to rendezvous and dock the Cygnus capsule at the space station before the Wednesday arrival of a Russian Soyuz spaceship carrying three new crew members.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Station operators need at least 48 hours between arrivals of spacecraft at the orbital outpost, a $100 billion complex that flies about 250 miles above Earth.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"Both Orbital and NASA felt it was the right decision to postpone the Cygnus approach and rendezvous until after Soyuz operations," the company wrote in a status report on its website.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazanskiy and NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins are scheduled for launch at 4:58 p.m. EDT on Wednesday from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. They should reach the station about six hours later.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"This new schedule will allow the Orbital operations team to carefully plan and be well-rested before restarting the critical final approach to the space station," Frank Culbertson, Orbital's executive vice president, said in the statement.
"Meanwhile, Cygnus has all the resources needed to remain in orbit for an extended period of time."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cygnus blasted off for a debut mission aboard an Orbital Sciences' unmanned Antares rocket from a new spaceport in Virginia on September 18. The company is the second of two hired by NASA to restore U.S. supply lines to the station following
the retirement of the space shuttles in 2011.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Competitor Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, which began working with the U.S. space agency about 18 months before Orbital, so far has made a test flight and two cargo runs to the station.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">ISS won't face orbital traffic jam<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><i>Cygnus cargo ship will dock at least three days after Soyuz does<o:p></o:p></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">James Dean - Florida Today<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Easing an orbital traffic jam, NASA and its partners nixed the possibility of back-to-back spacecraft arrivals at the International Space Station today and Wednesday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A Russian Soyuz spacecraft carrying a NASA astronaut and two crewmates remains scheduled to dock at the orbiting research complex late Wednesday, about six hours after blasting off from Kazakhstan.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">But instead of trying to squeeze in a rendezvous today, an unmanned Cygnus cargo ship on its maiden flight won't approach the station before Saturday, 10 days after its launch from Virginia, officials said Monday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Orbital Sciences Corp. fixed a software problem that postponed the Cygnus' planned Sunday rendezvous, but mission managers elected to delay the new vehicle's arrival to spread out the traffic flow.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"They'll give the crew on board some time to decompress and get some rest (after the Soyuz docks) and be ready to go on Saturday, if that can be put together," said Bruce Manners, a project manager with NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation
Services program. "And if not, then we've got time. The Cygnus spacecraft is in great shape."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Loaded with 1,300 pounds of cargo, the cylindrical Cygnus is flying a demonstration mission before Dulles, Va.-based Orbital starts operational missions under a $1.9 billion NASA resupply contract.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">When the spacecraft made contact with the station early Sunday, a formatting problem caused its computers to reject navigation data received from the outpost 260 miles above Earth.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Engineers over the next 24 hours produced a software patch that Manners described as a "very small, simple fix."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">But the Cygnus has enough fuel to fly for weeks, so there was no rush to reach the station and risk straining the crews. It will park at a safe distance until a plan is confirmed.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Meanwhile on Monday, a Soyuz rocket and spacecraft rolled to their launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">American Michael Hopkins is scheduled to blast off on his first spaceflight at 4:58 p.m. Wednesday, along with veteran Oleg Kotov and rookie Sergey Ryazanskiy of the Russian Federal Space Agency.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"It's fantastic to see it at this point," Hopkins said after a recent inspection of the vehicle. "It's all packed up, ready to go."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The trio is scheduled to dock before 11 p.m. after just four orbits, an express trip now becoming the norm in place of two-day journeys in the cramped Soyuz.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">They'll join three Expedition 37 crew members already aboard the ISS: American Karen Nyberg, Italian Luca Parmitano and Russian Fyodor Yurchikhin.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Crew Arrival, Communications Glitch Further Delay Cygnus Berthing
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Dan Leone - Space News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Ceding priority to a Soyuz spacecraft scheduled to fly three crew members to the international space station Sept. 25, Orbital Sciences Corp. has postponed the berthing of its Cygnus spacecraft with the outpost until Sept. 28 at the
earliest.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cygnus, which has been in space since Sept. 18, was originally scheduled to berth with the station Sept. 22, but a miscommunication between the spacecraft and the station prompted the company and NASA to reschedule Cygnus' arrival for
Sept. 24. However, on the morning of Sept. 23, Orbital wrote on its website that Cygnus' arrival would again be delayed to make room for an inbound Soyuz crew capsule.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"This morning, Orbital and NASA together decided to postpone the approach, rendezvous, grapple and berthing operations of the Cygnus cargo logistics spacecraft with the International Space Station until after the upcoming Soyuz crew
operations are complete," the company wrote on its website.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">As for the communications glitch discovered Sept. 22, Orbital believes it can be fixed with a software update, which the company was readying Sept. 22 to transmit to the orbiting Cygnus Sept. 23.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Early on the morning of Sept. 22, "Cygnus established direct data contact with the [international space station] and found that some of the data received had values that it did not expect, causing Cygnus to reject the data," Orbital
wrote. "This mandated an interruption of the approach sequence."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Orbital spokesman Barron Beneski could not immediately be reached for comment the morning of Sept. 23.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cygnus was launched Sept. 18 by its Antares carrier rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, a state-operated facility at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cygnus is carrying a cache of noncritical cargo as part of a demonstration mission that, if successful, will clear the way for Orbital to begin routine deliveries under an eight-flight, $1.9 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract
it signed with NASA in 2008. After a 30-day stay at the space station, the expendable Cygnus will detach from the station, re-enter the atmosphere and burn up over the Pacific Ocean.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Assuming the rest of the mission goes smoothly, a NASA official said, Orbital could be approved to begin contracted cargo deliveries not long after the ongoing demonstration mission ends.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"We will get a final report from Orbital a few days after the end of the mission, which is going to be at the end of October now," NASA's Alan Lindenmoyer, manager of the agency's Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office, said during
a Sept. 18 post-launch press briefing from Wallops.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Orbital Sciences stands to be the second to deliver cargo to the space station under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services contract. The first, Space Exploration Technologies Corp., flew its own demonstration mission in May 2012 and has
since flown two of the 12 flights it owes NASA under a $1.6 billion contract.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Space station traffic jam delays 1st arrival of new Cygnus spacecraft<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Miriam Kramer - <a href="http://Space.com"><a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The first arrival of a brand-new commercial cargo ship at the International Space Station has been delayed until no earlier than Saturday to make way for a new crew launching to the orbiting lab this week, NASA officials say.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The unmanned Cygnus spacecraft built by Orbital Sciences Corp. — which launched into orbit on Sept. 18 — was initially expected to link up with the station on Sunday, but a software glitch forced controllers to abort the arrival and
wait at least 48 hours for the next attempt.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Monday, NASA and Orbital officials said the supply ship will not arrive at the space station until Saturday, in part because a new station crew — Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazanskiy and NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins
— is launching to the orbiting lab Wednesday on a Russian Soyuz capsule.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"This new schedule will allow the Orbital operations team to carefully plan and be well-rested before restarting the critical final approach to the space station," Frank Culbertson, Orbital's executive vice president and general manager
of its advanced programs group, said in a statement. "Meanwhile, Cygnus has all the resources needed to remain in orbit for an extended period of time."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Orbital's Cygnus spacecraft team has now tested software to fix the software glitch that prevented the attempted rendezvous with the space station on Sunday. Because of extra time needed for that troubleshooting, as well as the impending
Soyuz launch and docking on Wednesday, the team opted to push the Cygnus arrival at the station until the weekend at earliest, company officials said.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Officials with NASA and Orbital Sciences do not have an exact timeframe for Cygnus' approach and rendezvous yet, but once Soyuz operations are complete the space agency and private firm will develop a schedule.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The now-Saturday rendezvous will mark the first time a Cygnus capsule has visited the space station. The spacecraft is designed to be captured by the astronauts using the station's robotic arm, and then attached to an open docking port.
The current mission is a demonstration flight to show that Cygnus and its Antares rocket can safely haul supplies to the $100 billion outpost. Orbital Sciences holds a $1.9 billion contract with NASA to fly eight missions with Cygnus and Antares.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cygnus won't be the first private cargo ship to dock with the International Space Station. SpaceX, which is led by billionaire Elon Musk, also hold a private contract with NASA to make 12 flights using its Dragon capsule and Falcon 9
rocket. Dragon has already completed two of its contracted resupply missions.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cygnus can carry about 4,400 pounds (2,000 kilograms) of cargo in its current configuration, but it's bringing only 1,540 pounds (700 kg) of supplies to the station on this demonstration mission.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">NASA, Orbital decide to delay Cygnus rendezvous with ISS again<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">T.J. Aulds - Galveston County Daily News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The much anticipated docking of Orbital Sciences' Cygnus spacecraft with the International Space Station will be delayed a bit longer.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cygnus was scheduled to dock at the space station on Sunday, but a glitch in the data connection between the spacecraft and computers aboard the space station led to a mandatory 48-hour delay.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">After working on a software patch to fix the problem, Orbital officials had hoped to try for a rendezvous on Tuesday. But officials decided that was cutting it too close for the Wednesday scheduled launch of a Soyuz capsule that is to
deliver three new crew members to the space station.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The Soyuz crew is due to arrive at the space station late Wednesday. The earliest possible date for the next Cygnus approach and rendezvous with the space station would be Saturday, Orbital and NASA officials said Monday morning.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"This new schedule will allow the Orbital operations team to carefully plan and be well-rested before restarting the critical final approach to the space station," said Frank Culbertson, Orbital's executive vice president and general
manager of its Advanced Programs Group. "Meanwhile, Cygnus has all the resources needed to remain in orbit for an extended period of time."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Because this is a test flight of the Cygnus, nothing valuable or urgent is on board. If necessary, it could keep orbiting the world for weeks, even months, before pulling up at the orbiting lab.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Orbital Sciences is the second private company to launch supplies to the space station.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Last year, SpaceX was the first with a successful launch of its Dragon spacecraft.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The space agency is paying the two companies to deliver goods to the space station in the absence of the now-retired space shuttles.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The Cygnus demonstration flight could lead to the company's first full mission, which is scheduled for December. NASA has not announced which of the two companies would manage that mission.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Three astronauts — an American, Italian and Russian — currently are aboard the orbiting outpost.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Station Taxi Flight Bumps Cargo Spaceship Arrival<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Irene Klotz - Discovery News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Wednesday's scheduled launch and speedy arrival of three new crewmembers to the International Space Station will delay the rendezvous and docking of Orbital Sciences' Cygnus cargo ship until Saturday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The company, one of two hired by NASA to fly cargo to the station following the retirement of the space shuttles, had hoped to fly its demonstration Cygnus ship to the station on Sunday but a software problem prompted a delay until Tuesday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Engineers have developed and tested a software patch to fix the glitch, but attempting a rendezvous and docking on Tuesday would cut it too close to the Wednesday night arrival of a Russian Soyuz capsule carrying three new station crewmembers,
officials said on Monday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Typically, the station needs at least 48 hours between spacecraft dockings.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"This new schedule will allow the Orbital operations team to carefully plan and be well-rested before restarting the critical final approach to the space station. Meanwhile, Cygnus has all the resources needed to remain in orbit for
an extended period of time," Frank Culbertson, Orbital's executive vice president, said in a statement.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Cygnus, one of two cargo ships developed in partnership with NASA, blasted off on its debut mission on Wednesday aboard an unmanned Antares rocket from Wallops Island, Virginia. Orbital Sciences plans to return to the station in December
with the first of eight cargo hauls under a $1.9 billion NASA contract.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Software, vehicle congestion delay Cygnus docking at Space Station<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">John Timmer - Ars Technica<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">After an apparently flawless launch last week, Orbital Sciences' Cygnus capsule was supposed to have docked on the International Space Station over the weekend. It didn't happen.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Apparently, some of the data being sent down to Earth from the vehicle wasn't formatted properly, and it took a couple of days to devise a fix and get it in place. The delay pushed the window for docking too close to the arrival of a
new crew, set to lift off from Baikonur Cosmodrome on Wednesday afternoon (Eastern US time). So Orbital's first rendezvous with the Station will have to wait until Saturday at the earliest.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">According to NASA, Orbital technicians spent yesterday validating the software patch that fixes data formatting issues, which would clear it for rendezvous with the Station. However, NASA has several tests of its own that Cygnus must
clear before being allowed to approach the Station. These include demonstrations of various control capabilities, including a simulated abort of the approach procedure. Cygnus has cleared a few of those hurdles, but there are still a few left to do.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">By the time Cygnus is fully cleared, it will be too close to the Soyuz launch time for NASA's comfort. The Russian craft will be bringing three new crew members who will transition from Expedition 37 to 38.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">If the Soyuz launch is delayed, the Cygnus schedule could slip further depending on exact details. Right now, NASA says the earliest that Cygnus will be allowed to approach the Station is Saturday. We'll let you know when Orbital's first
rendezvous with the Station is cleared to go forward.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">'Maker' Ideas Wanted for First 3D Printer In Space<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Denise Chow - <a href="http://Space.com"><a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A California-based company that will launch a 3D printer to the International Space Station in 2014 is aiming to change the way space agencies think about how they transport goods to the orbiting outpost. But, using a machine to spit
out spare parts for the space station is only the beginning.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Built by the firm Made in Space, Inc., the first 3D printer in space will launch to the space station aboard commercial spaceflight provider SpaceX's Dragon capsule. The mission will largely be a proof-of-concept flight, in which astronauts
will use the device to demonstrate its functionality in the microgravity environment, Mike Chen, Made in Space co-founder and chief strategy officer, told an audience at World Maker Faire in Queens here Saturday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">While astronauts will initially use the 3D printer to create spare parts and tools for the space station. Made in Space is hoping "makers" on Earth will get a chance to flex their creativity by coming up with designs for science experiments,
innovative projects and artwork. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"Once our printer is there, we're going to be opening it up to the world to print things in space," Chen said, while openly soliciting ideas and encouraging people to contact the company with thoughts.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">If all goes well, a permanent version of the 3D printer will be launched to the International Space Station in 2015.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"The paradigm shift that we want everyone to understand is: instead of launching things to space, just print it there," Chen said. "Why would you go through all the energy to build it here and launch it, when you can just build it there?"<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Made in Space was founded in 2010 with the mission of broadening access to space. "[I]t's really expensive and difficult to launch things into space, and that puts a real dampening effect on innovation," Chen said.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Having a 3D printing capability on the International Space Station will open up possibilities for the materials that can be produced in orbit, and the types of experiments that can be performed in space.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"Everything that you launch is going to have to withstand up to 9Gs in the rocket and crazy vibrations," Chen said. "Things in space are vastly over-engineered, really, for the first 8 minutes of its existence. Think about what you can
do now that you have 3D printing capabilities on orbit. For the first time, we'll be able to design things for space that don't ever have to exist in a gravity environment."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Scientists Want Funding to Send More Gerbils Into Space<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Moscow Times<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Russian and U.S. researchers have urged their governments to continue funding studies that involve sending unmanned satellites with animals into space.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Missions like the cooperative Russian-U.S. Bion-M project, which took place in spring, are a must for preparing longer spaceflights by humans, the researchers said in a statement on the mission's Russian blog posted Saturday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Experiments with critters onboard the International Space Station offer scientists a unique opportunity to increase the depth and breadth of their study, unhampered by rules that would apply to those that are staged with a crew.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"Russian and American researchers strongly recommend a continuation of experiments on animals onboard automatic satellites," the statement said.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Bion-M1 carried various plants, eight Mongolian gerbils, 45 mice and 15 geckos, slugs and snails into space when it launched in April.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Most of the creatures failed to survive the flight due to technical faults in the spacecraft. The flight proved fatal for all the Mongolian gerbils, 39 out of 45 mice, and a cichlid fish.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The scientists, however, deemed the mission successful because it provided them with the first data describing the impact of zero gravity on blood vessels in the brain, the spinal cord and inner ear, as well as on gene expression. Russian
scientists shared several mice from Bion-M with their American colleagues at NASA.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"Knowledge gained in the use of animals reveals the fundamental mechanisms of adaptation to spaceflight," NASA said on its website. "Such knowledge provides insight for potential long-duration human spaceflight risk mitigation strategies
and potential new approaches for Earth-bound biomedical problems."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Commercial crew prepares for its next phase<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Jeff Foust – The Space Review<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">NASA's commercial cargo program has been in the spotlight in the last week, with the successful launch Wednesday morning of Orbital Sciences Corporation's first Cygnus cargo spacecraft on an Antares rocket from Virginia. While carrying
700 kilograms of cargo, the primary purpose of the mission is to put the Cygnus spacecraft through its paces, demonstrating it can safely transport cargo to the International Space Station. And like many test flights, there are glitches to overcome: the planned
rendezvous of Cygnus with the ISS on Sunday was waved off because of a computer glitch. Cygnus's arrival at the station is now planned for the end of this week, after the arrival of new crewmembers to the station.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">As the Cygnus mission plays out (the spacecraft will remain at the station for a month before departing on a destructive reentry), the spotlight will soon shift back over to NASA's commercial crew program. For more than a year, three
companies—Boeing, Sierra Nevada, and SpaceX—have been working on the latest phase of the program, called Commercial Crew Integrated Capability, or CCiCap. Some of the biggest milestones in the CCiCap are due in the coming months, while NASA prepares to roll
out the next—and biggest—phase in the overall effort. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b>Progress of the CCiCap companies<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The next biggest event in the CCiCap effort arguably belongs to Sierra Nevada, developing the Dream Chaser spacecraft. In May, the company transported the engineering test article for that lifting body spacecraft to NASA's Dryden Flight
Research Center in California, where it has performed a number of taxi tests and, last month, a captive carry flight, where the vehicle was suspended beneath a helicopter. All those are preludes to the upcoming first glide flight by the Dream Chaser.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"Our focus right now is really on flying, and I'm so happy to be able to say that," Sierra Nevada vice president Mark Sirangelo said during a panel on NASA's commercial cargo and crew programs at the AIAA Space 2013 conference earlier
this month in San Diego. "After so many years of being on paper, and after a long time in the design phase, we are now starting our flight test program."
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The Dream Chaser currently at Dryden is a test article not designed to go into space itself. "The easiest way to describe it is that this is our Enterprise," he said, referring to the prototype shuttle orbiter that performed approach
and landing tests at the same site in the 1970s but never itself flew in space. <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">With the completion of the taxi tests, when Dream Chaser was towed behind a truck at speeds of up to nearly 100 km/h, and the captive carry flight, the next step is a glide flight. Sirangelo and the company have not announced a specific
date for the test, other than it is coming soon. Sirangelo, in his September 11 presentation, said the flight was coming "in the next few weeks" and "very shortly." That flight will be piloted autonomously, without anyone on board; later test flights may have
a pilot on board, he said, since the vehicle is designed to be flown both fully autonomously and with a human at the controls.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Boeing, meanwhile, has continued progress on its CST-100 capsule. Earlier this month, the company reported a successful interface test between the spacecraft's software and the mission control center at NASA's Johnson Space Center. Just
last Friday, NASA announced that the CST-100's attitude control thrusters, developed by Aerojet Rocketdyne, completed a "gauntlet of test firings" at White Sands, New Mexico. Those achievements bring the total number of milestones Boeing has completed under
its CCiCap award to 10, out of a total of 20. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"There's just been a tremendous amount of activity across all of the systems," John Mulholland, vice president and manager for commercial programs at Boeing, said at AIAA Space 2013. The bulk of the remaining milestones in Boeing's CCiCap
award involve a series of reviews, culminating with a critical design review for the overall spacecraft next spring and a safety review in the summer, the latter an optional milestone formally funded by NASA last month.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">While Boeing plans, like Sierra Nevada, to use the Atlas V rocket to launch its spacecraft, Mulholland said the company is leaving option the option to fly the CST-100 on other rockets, including SpaceX's Falcon 9. "We're trying to ensure
that our design is compatible with their rocket also," he said of the Falcon 9. <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">SpaceX, though, is busy working on the crewed version of its Dragon spacecraft that will fly atop the Falcon 9. "The job for us is a little bit different" than the other CCiCap companies, said SpaceX commercial crew program manager Garrett
Reisman at AIAA Space 2013. "It's taking a rocket and spacecraft that we already have and just modifying that so it's safe enough to do the mission of carrying people."
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">SpaceX's work under CCiCap and a separate certification products contract has focused on four things, he said: completing the system design, doing hardware tests, focusing on safety, and "going down a good path" towards eventual certification
of the system by NASA. SpaceX has completed seven CCiCap award milestones to date, and on schedule, he said.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Upcoming milestones include a helicopter drop test of the capsule to test an updated parachute design and tests of the Dragon's abort system: one from the launch pad at Cape Canaveral, and an in-flight test where the Dragon will separate
from an Falcon 9 at maximum aerodynamic drag. Those abort tests will use the "most flight-like" models of any spacecraft in an abort test, including placing a "flight test dummy" inside the spacecraft, according to Reisman. "We're going to make this as close
as possible to the real thing," he said. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b>From iCap to tCap<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">While the three companies continue work on their CCiCap agreements, which run through next summer, they're also paying close attention to the next phase of the program. In July, NASA released a draft version of a Request for Proposals
(RFP) for that next phase, called Commercial Crew Transportation Capability, or CCtCap. Unlike previous phases, which used funded (and, for some companies, unfunded) Space Act Agreements, CCtCap will use firm fixed price contracts under the Federal Acquisition
Regulations (FAR) to cover the development and testing of commercial crew vehicles.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The draft RFP, and an industry day held at the beginning of August at the Kennedy Space Center, allowed the companies to provide NASA with feedback before the final RFP is issued, likely in the second half of October. "In general, my
interpretation is that the companies really liked what we put out there," Ed Mango, manager of NASA's Commercial Crew Program, said of the feedback to the draft RFP during a briefing with reporters at Space 2013. Mango said there was some feedback from the
companies that could lead to changes in the final RFP, including how the milestones for vehicle development are managed under CCtCap.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Current plans call for the release of the final CCtCap RFP in October, with proposals due by the end of this calendar year. "Then we go though an evaluation period for quite some time," Mango said, with contracts to be awarded by the
end of July 2014. Those contracts will cover the development and testing of the commercial crew vehicles, as well as at least two missions to the ISS, with options for up to six missions before transitioning to a service contract.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">One key issue with CCtCap, and the overall program, is just how many contracts NASA will award. "I would like to have more than one," said Mango. Having multiple contracts, he said, would provide competition that would help not only
in keeping prices down, but also by improving safety, as companies seek to demonstrate they best meet NASA's safety requirements. "Competition is very good from a safety standpoint as well as from a cost standpoint," he said, "so I would like to have more
than one [company] in CCtCap." <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Whether there are contracts for one company or two under CCtCap (Mango said he could "almost guarantee" NASA would not be able to award three contracts) will largely be a function of the program's budget, which has been one of the more
controversial parts of the agency's overall budget. NASA requested $821 million for the commercial crew program for fiscal year 2014, which starts next month. An appropriations bill in the Senate would give the program close to that amount, $775 million, but
the House version offers only $500 million for the program. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">However, it may be months before Congress is able to settle on an appropriations bill for 2014. NASA, and the rest of the federal government, will start the year with a continuing resolution (CR), which funds the government at 2013 levels
into 2014. And, even then, there's no guarantee a CR will be in place on October 1, as the House and Senate debate provisions about the bill, including funding for provisions of the Affordable Care Act.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Exactly how much money the Commercial Crew program would get in 2014 under a CR is also unclear. Congress funded the program at $525 million, but budget sequestration and an across-the-board rescission included in the final appropriations
bill reduced that to $488 million. However, in a fiscal year 2013 operating plan released by NASA in late August—just a little more than a month before the end of the fiscal year—the agency reported that it had, with the concurrence of Congress, restored commercial
crew funding to the pre-sequester level of $525 million. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">"If we are under a CR, we will be, unless there's new legislation that adds to the CR, somewhere between $488 and 525 million," Mango said at Space 2013. "A CR, and how that impacts Commercial Crew, is still to be determined." He added
that, regardless of the CR funding level, the program is in good shape to continue into fiscal year 2014. "From a program standpoint, we are good through this year and into FY14," he said. "We're good, under a number of estimates, to get through FY14 and still
be able to complete the commitments that we have under CCiCap and CPC," referring to the separate, small certification products contracts each of the three CCiCap companies also have.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The restored funding the program got for 2013 under the operating plan was not a factor in the announcement NASA made in August of its decision to fund additional, previously optional milestones for the three companies, valued at a total
of $55 million. Instead, Mango said the program looked at the biggest risks each of the three companies faced in their development, based on the progress they made in the first year of their CCiCap awards, and funded the optional milestones in their agreements
most closely related to them. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">An increase in the budget may be essential to preserve NASA's desire to fund more than one company in the CCtCap phase. Mango says NASA estimates that each company will spend a total of $2–4 billion to develop a commercial crew system,
counting investment in the previous phases of the program and the internal investment each company makes, typically a proprietary amount. "It's going to be hard to do more than one, unless we get what the President's budget is looking for," he said. "If we
don't get the President's budget over the next four to five years, then it very well could impact 2017," the planned date for beginning commercial crew flights to the ISS. "It certainly impacts our ability to have competition."
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Mango, though, is optimistic that, somehow, increased funding for commercial crew will be found by Congress, citing the "momentum" he sees the program developing. "The mood as I see it, in both the executive side and the Congressional
side, for commercial crew is getting stronger," he said, noting Congress's willingness to support the restored funding for the program in the FY13 operating plan.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Or, as he put it in the Space 2013 panel, standing alongside the various commercial crew providers discussing the prospects for funding in FY14, "I like to think I'm a glass-half-full kind of guy."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Stephen Colbert: Comedian, Emmy Winner, Fitness Trainer to Astronauts<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><i>Your occasional reminder that while Colbert is here with us on Earth, C.O.L.B.E.R.T. is working on the International Space Station<o:p></o:p></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Megan Garber - The Atlantic<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The International Space Station has a gym. It's a tiny gym, yes, and a gym that's been substantially modified to accommodate the overriding constraint of a gym that is part of the International Space Station: its removal from gravity.
But it's a gym nonetheless, and it's a place that's crucial to astronauts who, without the benefit of gravity exerting itself on their bodies, lose muscle mass and bone density during their tenure in space. ISS denizens put in Hollywood-star-in-training-level
workouts every day, not to be-buff themselves for a new role, but to keep them in shape for the one they have.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">I mention that because of Stephen Colbert. Actually, more specifically, I mention that because of C.O.L.B.E.R.T, one of the pieces of equipment in the ISS gym -- the modified treadmill that astronauts use to simulate running while they're
in space.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">It went like this: In 2009, NASA announced a contest to name a module being added to the ISS. The new extension of the space station -- provisionally named "Node 3," a connecting module that included a cupola -- would join Unity, Harmony,
and Destiny; NASA's own suggestion for the additional module was "Serenity." Colbert, fresh off his attempt to get himself on the ballot for the South Carolina presidential primaries, made another jokey bid: to get the module named after him. Unity, Harmony,
Destiny, and Colbert.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Unsurprisingly, his fans rallied to the cause. By the contest's end, NASA had received more than 1.1 million submissions; "Colbert" accounted for 230,539 of those. "Serenity" received slightly more than 190,000. NASA, however, invoked
a disclaimer it had listed for the contest, saying that it had the right to "ultimately select a name in accordance with the best interests of the agency" (and adding that "such name may not necessarily be one which is on the list of voted-on candidate names").
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">But a compromise was struck: While NASA ended up naming Node 3 "Tranquility" -- a nod to Apollo 11's base on the moon -- the acronym-happy space agency found another way to celebrate the comedian who had hacked its contest. It named
the treadmill on the station the Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill. Or the, yes, the C.O.L.B.E.R.T.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Why the Space Station Must Trump Exploration<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Donald Robertson - Space News (Opinion)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><i>(Robertson is a freelance space industry journalist based in San Francisco. He is a small shareholder in Orbital Sciences, a company discussed in this article)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Trust SpaceNews, the space industry's newspaper of record, to frame a key choice facing NASA and the United States in the starkest possible terms: Should we continue to support the international space station at $3 billion a year, consuming
about half the budget for human spaceflight? Or should we abandon the space station and try to embark on serious space exploration farther from the home world
<a href="http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37042policy-experts-choice-looming-between-iss-deep-space-missions">
["Policy Experts: Choice Looming Between ISS, Deep-space Missions"</a>]?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">While spaceflight has fared remarkably well in the budget battles so far, in the future NASA almost certainly will not be able to afford both the space station and serious exploration. This is especially true if we continue to "explore"
by building the expensive Space Launch System (SLS) on Earth, rather than using our limited money to launch smaller components on existing rockets, assembling spacecraft in orbit, and then sending them out into the inner solar system.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Few will like it, but the correct choice is as stark as SpaceNews' headline. Operating the space station for as long as possible is critical to the future of human spaceflight, even if it means setting aside lunar bases, Mars missions
or even asteroid retrievals for the immediate future.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">This choice is part of, and should be informed by, a wider choice. What is the ultimate goal of our expensive investment in human spaceflight? Is it to create permanent infrastructure, industries, trade and commerce, and eventually colonies
— to make the inner solar system part of the wider human economy? Or is it primarily for science and exploration?&nbsp;
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Incorporating space into the wider economy requires a key element that science and exploration do not, at least to the same degree. The SLS's projected five to 10 flights per decade might be enough to support science and exploration;
it is wholly inadequate, and far too expensive, to support serious commerce or industrial activities.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">To support commerce, access to space and operations there must be made routine and as inexpensive as possible. That means they must be commercialized, or at least commoditized. Commercial products need a market. Today, the only market
large and secure enough to motivate and sustain a large commercial space transportation industry is the international space station.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">NASA's use of the space station logistics market to create a nascent space transportation industry is clearly working. Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) has completed two cargo runs, and Orbital Sciences is on the verge of
its first operational mission. An unprecedented three human-rated spacecraft are in advanced development, by SpaceX, Sierra Nevada Corp. and Boeing. For the first time, there may soon be multiple providers of human spaceflight and logistics, all competing
to lower costs and increase reliability.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">For all the partisan controversy today, leveraging the space station logistics market started out as a bipartisan strategy: Then-NASA Administrator Michael Griffin started the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program in the
George W. Bush administration. Subsequently, it was expanded and pushed hard by Lori Garver, NASA deputy administrator under President Barack Obama. However, on Feb. 1, 2010, Mr. Obama abruptly announced the cancellation of the Constellation project to return
to the Moon. NASA would displace near-term deep-space exploration with subsidies intended to commercialize access to low Earth orbit, and conduct open-ended research and development without a near-term goal. Members of Congress with a vested interest in the
Apollo-style command economy space program balked. They forced NASA to reinstate a modified version of the larger of Constellation's launch vehicles, the SLS, and its deep-space capsule, Orion. The result is that we're pursuing both exploration and commerce
— without enough money to properly do either.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">As SpaceNews' headline implies, it is time to choose.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Following either path will benefit the other — e.g., an exploration-oriented asteroid mission would generate information applicable to both science and prospectors. Even while focused on demonstrating technologies needed to explore in
the long term, the space station supports some science. But there is a crucial difference: The space station also creates a market for private investment in space transportation. Any near-term exploration mission that NASA can afford would not, and without
continued investment, transportation will get neither cheaper nor more reliable.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Spaceflight is undergoing a true renaissance. A plethora of relatively small companies are developing new rockets and technologies. For example, Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser is a partial replacement for the space shuttle. In an effort
to reduce long-term costs, SpaceX is investing enormous resources to try to make its currently expendable rockets reusable. Innovative vehicles are even being funded without NASA's financial help, such as Stratolaunch and Virgin Galactic's LauncherOne.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">With the possible exceptions of SpaceX and Orbital Sciences, it is far too early to judge any company's prospects. However, before the Falcon 9 v1.1 that SpaceX is marketing has even left the launch pad, just the promise of more frequent
access to space at lower prices has driven existing and developing space industries to fill SpaceX's manifests for years. That promise is also driving countless startups to invest in new products and industries. These include satellite repair and debris removal,
new types of communications satellites, asteroid mining and private investments in deep-space propulsion, scientific data collection for sale to scientists, development of crystal growth techniques with medical applications that are later transferred to terrestrial
production, orbital testing of other microgravity enabled materials, and, yes, logistics delivery to the space station.&nbsp;
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Some of this might have occurred even if the Bush administration had not opened the space station logistics market to commercial companies and if the Obama administration had failed to back and expand the initiative. Without the NASA
subsidies driven by the need to supply the space station, it would have been a lot harder, and probably taken a lot longer, for SpaceX and Orbital Sciences to get their rockets off the ground. It is unlikely that any of the crew vehicles would have been developed.
To continue this "cislunar renaissance," the space station logistics market must remain available for as long as possible.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Hard though it may be to wait, the nation's spacefaring future is best assured if the space station gets priority over exploration and the most expensive science projects. However wasteful it appears on the surface, we must maintain
that market for logistics until the "new space" companies have used it to secure our positions in cislunar space.&nbsp;
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">In the long term, cheaper and more reliable transportation to orbit will benefit all — science, exploration and commerce alike.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Replacing the ISS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Eric Hedman - The Space Review (Opinion)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><i>(Hedman is the chief technology officer of Logic Design Corporation)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The debates about the future of human spaceflight are focused on where we should go next: should it be the Moon? An asteroid? An asteroid moved to lunar orbit? An Earth-Moon Lagrange point? Mars? Or should we even go beyond low earth
orbit? In the meantime, very little attention seems to be paid to the long-term future of human spaceflight in low earth orbit (LEO). The partner countries plan to extend the life of the International Space Station until at least 2020. There are discussions
on possibly extending it until 2028. The ISS, though, can't last forever. It wasn't designed to. The questions are: How long can it last? How long should it be used? Should it be replaced? When should it be replaced? Why should it be replaced? And what should
replace it? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The ISS was designed for a number of purposes. It was designed to be a pathfinder on how to build and operate a station in LEO. It was designed to test new technology for further exploration. It was designed to be a laboratory to do
research in microgravity. It was designed to spur collaboration among most of the spacefaring nations. It was designed to be a political tool for politicians across the globe. In part, it was designed to improve relations with Russia after the collapse of
the Soviet Union and keep their engineers from applying their skills to weapons systems for countries with conflicts with the West.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">In assessing if and how well the ISS has met its goals, you will probably get a variety of answers, depending upon people's varying perspectives and interests. The ISS has served as a pathfinder allowing us humans to learn how to assemble
and operate a station in LEO. There have been many lessons learned. One of the latest has been from the problem with a spacesuit on a recent EVA by ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano where he potentially could have drowned in his suit from a water leak. The biggest
lesson from this incident should be that, as good as you think a design is, you don't really know until it has significant experience in real operations. It is a lesson businesses learn about their products often when they hit the real world for the first
time. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Aboard the ISS there has been time to test life support equipment and find out how it will hold up over years of service. There have been improvements in recycling water that have reduced the need to haul water up from earth. There have
been EVA procedures developed to maintain the physical health of the station. The work at maintaining the station has definitely been an international collaboration with, I'm sure, much knowledge gained on how to operate in space.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">There is very little that hits the mainstream media about the research done aboard the ISS. Part of the reason for that is that the research isn't typically headline-making news. That doesn't mean that the research can't be valuable.
An example is research done since 2001 that has been instrumental in finding a method to destroy a variant of staphylococcus aureus, also known as MRSA, using cold plasma. MRSA infections are a real problem especially for hospitals and athletic facilities.
MRSA has been extremely difficult to remove from operating rooms and locker rooms and can lead to life-threatening infections. A friend of mine had a significant problem with a MRSA infection that was eating away at the flesh on his leg after an abrasion that
happened in a karate match. Grant Hill of the NBA had a bad MRSA infection that, in his words, "nearly killed him". I don't know a lot about the other research that goes on aboard the ISS, but just because we don't hear much about it doesn't mean valuable
research is not taking place. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">According to page 11 of NASA's FY 2013 Budget Estimates for Space Operations the cost of operating the ISS for fiscal year 2013 is as follows:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">ISS Operations and Management:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">$1.4935 billion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">ISS Research:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">$229.3 million<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Crew and Cargo Transportation:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">$1.2848 billion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Total:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">$3.0076 billion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">NASA wants to go beyond Earth orbit, but has limited funds to do so. With the ISS now costing more than $3 billion a year (not counting partner contributions) to operate, it begs the question of how much longer should it operate.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">On August 20, NASA released the latest update to their Global Exploration Roadmap. On page 10 of the document it shows in the line for LEO the ISS operating up to 2020. After 2020 it shows "Commercial or Government owned platforms" through
2030. I'm obviously not the only person wondering what comes after the ISS and when.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Whether the ISS lasts until 2020 or until 2028, planning for what comes next needs to get started now. The first step in figuring out what should be built is figuring out who the potential customers are and deciphering the needs. If
the next station or stations are commercial, the potential for opening up new commercial markets for space activities increases. Commercial stations wouldn't have to be constrained by the needs of government space agencies. Commercial stations could provide
everything the ISS currently does and more at hopefully at a significantly lower cost than operating the ISS.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">All sorts of ideas have been floated for commercial space stations over the years. They could be hotels for space tourism. They could host fuel depots for beyond Earth orbit vehicles. They could be orbital shipyards for assembling larger
vehicles. They could be manufacturing facilities for products that can only be made in microgravity. They could be warehouses for all sorts of supplies needed in orbit. They can be transit ports for ships heading out deeper into space and back, carrying crew
and cargo of all kinds. They can be test platforms for earth observing instruments. They can be research facilities taking advantage of both microgravity and ultra-hard vacuum.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">NASA's efforts to develop capabilities for both commercial cargo and crew currently only have the ISS as a destination. When the ISS is finally splashed into the Pacific, there will be no destination and no market for Dragon, Dream Chaser,
Cygnus, and CST-100 if no replacement is developed. If the replacement is another government-owned and -developed station, the growth potential for commercial cargo and crew will be limited. If commercial stations can be successful, commercial financing opportunities
of space based businesses will have the potential for more rapid growth. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">All sorts of ideas for space-based businesses have often had a very big problem. Many of them require other space infrastructure elements to be developed by other commercial ventures to have a market or they require government space
agencies to be their only customer. This is not a model investors are thrilled about and it makes them very reluctant to invest. Going to a commercial model for space stations has the potential to change this dynamic.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">While I don't have any definite ideas of what the configurations of next-generation stations should look like or even what orbits they should be in, I do believe they should be planned for steady expansion and capable of incorporating
continuously improving technology. A station doesn't necessarily have to have all components physically connected. Components such as fuel depots and vibration-isolated research modules could fly in formation with each other.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">I don't pretend to know which kinds of commercial space adventures will and will not succeed. I do believe that commercial stations in orbit would improve the odds for more to succeed. Commercial crew and cargo will need thriving and
growing destinations to have any significant growth potential. Space tourism would be greatly helped with a destination that has some room for people to move and float around in. It isn't going to grow unless launch costs decline with commercial suppliers
competing to come up with better and more cost-effective launchers. For satellite servicing to emerge as a business, it could make use on-orbit storage of spare parts and fuel. For reusable commercial space tugs to carry cargo to destinations in cislunar space
to succeed, an operating base with fuel depots would help. For a market to develop for commercial heavy lift to emerge, it would require a growing market, putting stress on the capacity of existing EELV-class launchers. If asteroid mining and space-based solar
power are ever going to have a chance of succeeding, they will need a more affordable space infrastructure in place.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">When commercial real estate developers build a large office building, they usually don't have to pre-sell all the space before they break ground. What they usually do is sign an anchor tenant to secure financing. It's a model that I
believe could work for commercial space stations. It would help to have both government and commercial tenants signed to get financing for a commercial station. Guaranteed revenue starts making these types of businesses interesting to the financial community.
For commercial space stations to have a chance of being financially viable for the foreseeable future, they will need government agencies as major tenants. There still is no one else with pockets as deep.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">NASA wants to move beyond LEO. Turning over low Earth orbit to potentially more cost-effective business models would free up resources to develop payloads for beyond Earth orbit exploration. In other words, if the President and Congress
could ever agree on a vision for NASA, even in this tight budget environment there could actually be significant human spaceflight exploration missions in the next decade. Turning over LEO to commercial entities could actually create new industries when the
country could use them to create desperately needed jobs. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">So how could this vision happen? First of all, NASA could solicit proposals from industry on facilities that could host NASA's needs while not limiting the ability to address other customers. Industry organizations could do market research
on other potential customers to find out what their needs could be. Partnerships and consortia of aerospace companies could develop to finance and build these stations. These could turn into global ventures bringing in traditional and nontraditional sources
of financing and technology development. For it to happen, though, it needs at least NASA and hopefully other space agencies to buy into the concept.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">While NASA and its international partners are trying to figure out how to push the boundaries of human space exploration, it may be the right time to think about a commercial foundation in LEO that could make these missions more capable
and affordable. The wildest dreams of the space community will not happen in a timely fashion if the foundation isn't strengthened by making it more capable and affordable than it is now. I do believe now is the time to start making this happen. And I do believe
commercial stations in LEO and, eventually, beyond could be the catalyst for a prosperous future in space.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">In this article I'm not going to answer where I think NASA should go next, but will offer my opinion on the remaining questions I posed. How long can the ISS last? It should be able to be maintained until well into the next decade if
there is the will and the money available to keep it running. How long should it be used? The ISS should be used as long as it is safe, maintainable, and no replacement is yet available. Should it be replaced? Since it can't last forever, if NASA wants to
continue operating in LEO in the coming decades, it needs to be replaced. When should it be replaced? The ISS should be replaced by the middle of next decade before the ISS becomes significantly more expensive to maintain due to its age and the risks of major
component failures become too great. Why should it be replaced? If humans want to be a spacefaring species, operating in LEO is something we need to do and the place to figure out more effective ways of operating in space. And what should replace it? If we
are to advance in space capabilities, the next generation of stations needs to improve on the capabilities of the ISS. To me, this means they need to address both the needs of government markets and potential commercial markets. It is time to start planning.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">When darkness falls: the future of the US crewed spaceflight program<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Roger Handberg - The Space Review (Commentary)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><i>(Handberg is Professor of Political Science at the University of Central Florida)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">In a recent article (<a href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2342/1">"NASA policy gets partisan",</a> The Space Review, August 5), Jeff Foust summed up the current state of the debate over the NASA exploration program thusly:
"Also, unlike 2010, when there was a heated debate about the future of NASA's exploration program, there is no driving issue of similar significance or urgency in 2013. With so little, relatively speaking, at stake, there is little incentive by the House and
Senate to transcend partisan disputes and come to an agreement on what NASA funding and policies should be." The operative wording is "there is no driving issue of similar significance or urgency in 2013." This effectively summarizes the current state of the
US space exploration program. The question is, how did the United States arrive at this situation, and is there a way forward? Both parts are unclear but this is one effort to address the question.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b>Loss of direction<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">When the Space Shuttle's final mission ended in July 2011, the US exploration program—at least the human component—hit a pause, losing all coherence and direction. This possibility had been signaled ironically in the January 2004 announcement
of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE). That announcement was fine, although disconnected from political reality even within the George W. Bush administration, whose progeny it was. What did not follow was budget: sufficient resources were never allocated
even before the financial crisis that arose in 2008–2009. However, the 2004 VSE announcement definitively signaled the shuttle's demise with the proposed successors, the Ares I and Ares V, which weew inadequately funded at best. This funding shortfall was
not immediately self-evident because NASA has decades of experience making lemonade out of budgetary lemons. NASA always assumes (rightly or wrongly) that fiscal shortfalls will be made good. That is no longer true.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Efforts at replicating the past by putting China in the role of the Soviet Union as a space program catalyst have failed to gain traction. The situation is one where the unique political imperatives that drove the early US human spaceflight
program do not appear at this point in history. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Basically, the reality is that there exists today no driving or agreed-upon agenda: the original Wernher von Braun paradigm articulated in the 1950s of going to the Moon and then to Mars dominates discussion without a commensurate political
justification. Too often, in support of this view, the original Apollo program is unmoored from its political context. This becomes an important point if government is to fund future space exploration, as still appears the case for the immediate future. The
Apollo program was the direct offspring of what was initially seen as an overwhelming political imperative: outperforming the Soviets in the ongoing political-military competition. As that great power competition waned in intensity, the Apollo program lost
momentum with the cancelation of the last three lunar landing missions and the follow-on Apollo Applications Program, along with rejection of the Space Task Force report in 1969. The early 1970s saw the working off of the remaining Apollo program equipment
inventory, while Space Shuttle development proceeded, albeit in a configuration that embodied higher future operating costs and technical risks (the latter not necessarily well understood at the time.) The decision to build the shuttle itself as replacement
for the Saturn V was itself the product of short-term political choices in the context of the 1972 presidential election, rather than some larger plan for human space exploration (see below).
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Recent efforts to create a new political justification for an enhanced human spaceflight program have failed to catch on in terms of public political support. Efforts at replicating the past by putting China in the role of the Soviet
Union as a space program catalyst have failed to gain traction. The overwhelming threat perception inherent in the early 1960s does not resonate currently. So, the situation is one where the unique political imperatives that drove the early US human spaceflight
program do not appear at this point in history. Other factors also explain the malaise impacting the US human space exploration program, but without political support little is possible. Thus, China races alone to replicate what the US and USSR have done earlier.
Potential competitors such as India and Japan lag behind or have not joined the race yet.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b>It's the economy, stupid<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">In 1992, the Bill Clinton presidential campaign had a famous sign in its war room: "it's the economy, stupid," or "the economy, stupid." That was their mantra, to keep focused on the one issue that could elect Clinton president, the
economy. Nothing else mattered. For the US human spaceflight program, the economy, in the form of the federal budget, is the only thing that matters since the late 1960s. Ignoring that reality has been the NASA way—one that is becoming even less sustainable
as the program moves forward in time. NASA's quest has been to rekindle the emotional-political context that fueled Apollo and drove it forward until the end of the 1960s.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">As president, Richard Nixon (1969–1974) did two contradictory things with regards to the US space program. First, he followed President Lyndon Johnson (1963–1969) in saying no more in terms of expanding budgets for space exploration.
Johnson earlier cut off the Apollo Applications Program and started scaling back Apollo itself. For Nixon, rejection of the Space Task Force report advocating continuation of the von Braun-Apollo model for space exploration was the introduction of a modicum
of budget reality into future plans. However, his second choice—to authorize the proposed Space Shuttle—had the effect of keeping the flame alive for large-scale space endeavors. The funding travails of the shuttle's development, including the sacrifice of
space science projects to cover cost overruns (the "slaughter of the innocents," in James Van Allan's analysis), did nothing to educate the agency as to the reality of its fiscal future.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Ronald Reagan's (1981–1989) decision to approve the space station program fed the delusion that the fiscal support was there. Outside President Reagan himself, there was no political support for the space station in Congress and inside
the administration; other priorities were more important. The abortive Space Exploration Initiative announced by President George H.W. Bush (1989–1993) on the 20th anniversary of the July 1969 Apollo 11 landing dissipated quickly. The 1990s were spent struggling
to get the Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) budgets under control (only partially successful) and the station actually built. The earlier Challenger accident in 1986 signaled the shuttle's eventual demise despite rhetoric that the shuttle
could fly until 2030 or beyond (similar to the now ancient B-52.) The B-52, however, met a defense need, meaning the money was there to upgrade and improve the aircraft; that did not exist for the shuttle. Significant money for upgrades only came after shuttle
accidents. The decision to terminate the space shuttle was finalized after the 2003 space shuttle Columbia reentry breakup. President George W. Bush (2001–2009) announced the VSE which was canceled by President Barack Obama (2009–present) for a more nebulous
way forward known as the "flexible path." <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">This brief overview illustrates the point that there has been a continuing disconnect between aspirations and budget. Even the most supportive situation has found an agency whose budgetary reach always exceeds its grasp. Even the blessed
Apollo program underwent significant budget cuts almost immediately after its initiation—this represents reality in Washington politics. Discretionary programs such as the space program are not guaranteed any particular level of funding in the absence of national
emergency. That moment in history occurred in the 1960s but has not reappeared since, despite much rhetoric, including presidential statements never backed by sufficient cash. This is not say that NASA has not been funded, but initial funding quickly disappeared,
leaving programs underfunded especially as costs rise above projections; there is then no slack in the system to cover such shortfalls. What occurs next is cannibalism among agency programs with the political weaker giving to the stronger. NASA is in, at best,
a stasis situation, with only minimal pressure for upward change but great potential for decline.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The Great Recession has changed budget dynamics in ways that represent a maximum danger for the US human exploration program. Concerns about budget deficits make discretionary spending more vulnerable to cuts—being defined as discretionary
means not essential for government operations. Rather, they are nice to have but not critical, so they can disappear, at least in principle. One must remember the defense budget is also technically discretionary, but not in reality, although there is no guaranteed
funding level. Extreme partisanship, especially in the House of Representatives, raises a further barrier to establishment of future directions for the space program; such plans would normally lead to a basically coherent budget future albeit underfunded for
the program. Across-the-board budget cuts make planning difficult at best and impossible over the long term. The agency is not critical enough to be immune from such cuts, especially since the Department of Defense is not immune. Lack of budget and even budget
certainty going forward makes hash out of any future planning. This raises the question whether the US human spaceflight program has an independent future before it.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b>Things that matter<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">There are no quick solutions to a problem that is four decades in the making. President Nixon's decisions in 1969 and 1972 regarding the Apollo program first, and then the Space Shuttle, set the game in motion. On one hand, Nixon introduced
realism into the budget discussions, a situation partially reversed by the shuttle choice, one that was marinated in presidential politics. The shuttle was considered politically critical in January 1972 because of the shuttle-related jobs to be created in
California at the point when Nixon confronted a strong opposing candidate, Edmund Muskie, whose campaign subsequently evaporated in the New Hampshire snows. One must note that the space program was not a partisan issue because nationally the program never
mattered: it became a playground for constituency politics (keeping jobs at the NASA centers) and selected special interests such as universities and a few contractors (the big money in aerospace was in defense contracting.) NASA and human spaceflight were
symbolically important but not essential. Most in Congress are only vaguely interested in the space program, as it is not relevant to their constituency interests except at a symbolic level. What complicates things presently is that partisanship has been imported
into the field for reasons unrelated to the space program or human spaceflight. <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The US human spaceflight program is built around two totems at this point: support of the International Space Station as the last vestige of the von Braun paradigm, and development of the Space Launch System (SLS). Taking each in turn,
with the shuttle shutdown in July 2011, the United States is paying the Russians to take astronauts to the ISS while concurrently engaged in developing commercial flight options through several companies, first to deliver cargo to the ISS and, later, crews.
This program has two impacts: encouraging commercial spaceflight and reasserting a US presence in human spaceflight at least to low Earth orbit (LEO). One must note that no one is moving beyond Earth orbit yet in terms of human spaceflight. This program also
removes NASA from the burden of supporting LEO missions. The Space Shuttle, due to its design limitations, turned the program into a trucking service at first to LEO and back, and then to the ISS. The latter task was, in fact, the shuttle's original mission
in the larger scheme vetoed by President Nixon. Its approval left the shuttle as an isolated technology from the original dream as the other building blocks—except, belatedly, the ISS—never got built.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The SLS is purportedly NASA's ticket to the future of space exploration beyond LEO, breaking the bonds of the Earth. What that future is remains speculative: Moon, Mars, an asteroid, or something entirely different? Unfortunately, the
SLS's future remains murky in part because of budget realities. NASA funding is in relative and absolute decline as the agency becomes caught in the maelstrom of federal budget politics. Choices based on policy choices are not being made but, instead, across-the-board
cuts are the approach. The agency's reflex built into its DNA since Apollo is to siphon funds away from other program areas to keep the human space exploration effort alive, at least at some level. Signs of internal policy dissent are appearing publicly. The
agency is confronting another crisis similar to the earlier period labeled the "slaughter of the innocents" in the early 1980s, when space science was sacrificed on the altar of the shuttle, and the later period in the 1990s when the ISS and shuttle were projected
to consume the entire NASA budget. The latter did not happen—the programs were restructured, reducing the budgetary impact—but it was a real threat. However, that was an era when there existed a commitment to the program at least at some level; that commitment
may not exist in the present budget environment. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Lack of agreement regarding future missions beyond LEO reflects the central reality that no one, executive or congressional, is prepared to commit to a realistic budget for human space exploration. The result is a program whose budgets
gets caught in the undertow of partisan wrangling in which a visceral Republican dislike of the Obama Administration blights any efforts at possible future planning. Instead, Congress struggles to pass specific requirements that the agency or SLS and the Orion
capsule cannot meet given budget realities. The result is delay and disruption in the program – a recipe for a failing program.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b>Going forward<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">There are several items that must be addressed if the United States is to remain an active leader in human space exploration. First, the clock is running on the ISS: its replacement, or not, must be on the US and international agendas.
NASA is pushing to extend the ISS beyond 2020, but that even if done only delays the question of what next? Barring a major change, the United States will not be the funder of such an endeavor. That means "NASA-Next" will truly be an international cooperative
project. Such a program will require forethought and planning. It also should incorporate private sector funding and technology. NASA-Next could be the core for a space village of free flyers including space tourist hotels. Bigelow Aerospace has developed
habitats, but their likely isolated locations leave open questions of rescue and assistance that a village could provide. This, ironically, returns the NASA-Next to an earlier conception of the original US space station that got eliminated over the years.
That earlier configuration saw free flyers as manufacturing nodes that could also return at some point. If humans are to inhabit space, one must start building the experience and technology that makes that possible rather than one-off missions that lack continuity.
ISS is currently providing some of that continuity despite the constant crew rotations. NASA-Next could become the means by which humans actually begin residing in outer space as a routine experience rather than an exotic occurrence restricted to a select
few. This assumes the commercial sector will be able to lift both people and payloads at a cost that makes such endeavors cheaper than the shuttle and Soyuz spacecraft provided earlier and presently. If domestic political objections are removed, this could
include China as a partner: ITAR restrictions do not appear to have crippled their space program.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Second, the US must overcome its internal divisions and agree on a realistically funded NASA program. John Kennedy and Apollo are not returning, nor are the Chinese currently the reincarnation of the 1960s Soviets who inspired the original
competition. Future space exploration must be grounded in a sense that what is decided is important. This does not imply crisis funding (barring the arrival of aliens in the neighborhood or an asteroid threat that we are actually aware of before it passes
by or hits) or that everything must be done. Globalization is much overused, but it holds—at least partially—the ticket to outer space, since several nations now possess useful technology that can be employed by all. Space science can no longer be the piggy
bank that must be broken open for human spaceflight, but does not mean that space science is immune to the travails of the US budgetary process. Congress, if possible, can go to multiyear appropriations for NASA as partial protection, but the central reality
of US politics is that Congress reserves the right to change its mind. Budgets follow that logic. Those individuals who think that situation is wrong need to get over it; this is a democracy. The future is always out there but only the people, through their
representatives, can decide what that means. A publicly funded program is always hostage to the vagaries of public choices as mediated through their representatives.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A privately funded space program represents a possibility in principle, but likely flounders on where the upfront funding is to be found to pay for developing expensive technology and conducting operations. Outsourcing the program using
public monies to support private efforts is not necessarily a solution since funding is never guaranteed. Remember that Congress has the last word. The amount of money required is too great. Plus, private-public partnerships are one solution, although it does
not get one beyond Earth orbit. Ultimately, there is a way forward for the US human space exploration program, if all the stakeholders involved—NASA, the White House, Congress, and the American people—realize the future cannot look like the past.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Back to the Moon, Commercially<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">James Lovell - Space News (Opinion)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><i>(Lovell, a member of the Golden Spike Co. board of advisers, is a former NASA astronaut who was commander of Apollo 13 and the first human to travel to the Moon twice)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Just a few weeks ago, the 44th anniversary of Apollo 11's historic mission fulfilling U.S. President John F. Kennedy's challenge to safely land a man on the Moon came and went. It was marked by little fanfare.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">It is hard to imagine that four decades after Neil Armstrong took that "giant leap for mankind," a human presence on the lunar surface is just a distant memory and the Moon remains largely unexplored.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">No doubt, America's space program has gone on to some remarkable achievements: Apollo-Soyuz, Skylab, the space shuttle, the Hubble Space Telescope, Mars rovers and the international space station — a lasting home in space occupied by
a global crew 24/7, 365 days a year.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">But for many people, including old astronauts like myself, the human exploration of the Moon remains America's crowning achievement amid the stars. It is certainly an event worthy of repeating, and many of us have long argued for sending
new generations of explorers back to our closest celestial neighbor as a first step toward developing the skills and technologies needed to travel deeper into our own solar system.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Sadly, it hasn't happened, though not for a lack of trying. A series of false starts, dashed attempts and woeful budget shortfalls have meant that government-led efforts to return humans to the Moon have foundered on the ground.&nbsp;
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Some in Congress are at this very moment talking once again about forcing NASA to establish a program to sustain a human presence on the Moon. I, unfortunately, am not optimistic as we have been here before.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">But there is hope. The private sector is stepping up to meet the challenge: an ambitious startup, the Golden Spike Co., is leading the way in creating commercial models to mount human expeditions to the surface of the Moon for nations,
companies and individuals.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Until now I have been very doubtful and indeed critical of many existing commercial space ventures that are largely funded by taxpayer dollars. But after several meetings with Golden Spike executives, including the chairman of its board
— my old friend — former Apollo Flight Director Gerry Griffin, I became convinced that we truly are on the cusp of a brand new era of commercial lunar space travel.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Golden Spike's plan is to use existing rockets and emerging commercial crew spacecraft to lower the cost of a two-person expedition to the lunar surface to roughly the price of current robotic missions to the Moon. Golden Spike would
only develop new systems — such as a lander and surface suits — where no existing system exists or is in development. Such an approach offers enormous cost, schedule and reliability advantages. And it's viable. Market studies done for Golden Spike show the
possibility of 15-20 expeditions in the decade following a first landing.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">The idea of an American aerospace firm orchestrating important scientific and exploratory missions for government space programs around the world as well as corporations and adventurous individuals is extremely exciting.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">I was so convinced that I am now an adviser to the company as it progresses through its first wave of lunar lander and spacesuit studies.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Such efforts need to be applauded and supported by policymakers, investors and entrepreneurs across the country in recognition of Golden Spike's bold vision and the patriotic role the company is playing in restoring American leadership
in space. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">In fact, NASA itself should look carefully at what Golden Spike is doing and incorporate its plans into America's national space ambitions. The agency, in my opinion, should be among Golden Spike's first customers and biggest allies.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">As the company said in its debut press conference last December, Golden Spike is not about America going back to the Moon but about the American entrepreneurial spirit leading the rest of the world to the Moon. I say let's all get onboard
and return to where we belong.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">The Shuttle Flight That Did it All: Twenty Years Since STS-51<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Ben Evans – <a href="http://AmericaSpace.com"><a href="http://AmericaSpace.com">AmericaSpace.com</a></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><a href="http://www.americaspace.com/?attachment_id=42056"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#666666;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="400" height="321" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image008.jpg@01CEB8F2.C27B4CE0" alt="Thanks to the camera aboard the ASTRO-SPAS payload, this remarkable view of Discovery drifting against the blue and white backdrop of Earth was acquired. Photo Credit: NASA"></span></b></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">"T-30 seconds … "</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The words of the launch commentator at the Kennedy Space Center on the morning of 12 August 1993 were calm and measured, as all eyes focused upon Space Shuttle Discovery as she entered the final
portion of the countdown to fly STS-51. The mission—a nine-day flight to deploy a NASA advanced communications satellite and release and retrieve an ultraviolet telescope on a Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), as well as perform a spacewalk—had already been
postponed twice, with the astronauts aboard the vehicle. It was hoped that today would be third time lucky for Commander Frank Culbertson, Pilot Bill Readdy, and Mission Specialists Jim Newman, Dan Bursch, and Carl Walz … but the gremlins of ill-fortune still
had one more card to play.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">So far, everything had gone well. The five men had closed and locked their visors and their eyes were focused intently on their instruments. At T-5 minutes, Readdy switched on Discovery's Auxiliary
Power Units (APUs), bringing life, muscle, and control to the hydraulic systems. The clock continued counting. At T-31 seconds, command of the countdown and all vehicle critical functions were handed off to the shuttle's on-board computers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">"T-10, 9, 8, 7 … Go for Main Engine Start … "</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Inside the cabin, the astronauts felt the immense vibration as turbopumps awoke, liquid oxygen and hydrogen flooded into the combustion chambers of Discovery's main engines, and they roared to
life … and, all at once, were automatically shut down. The roar was replaced first by an ethereal silence and then by the blaring of the master alarm.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">" … We have a Main Engine Cutoff. Safing in work … "</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The communications loop from the Launch Control Center provided a flurry of messages, verifying that the three main engines were in post-shutdown standby and requesting Readdy to shut down the
three APUs. No fire detectors on Pad 39B had tripped during the incident, which would later be traced to a faulty fuel-flow sensor in the No. 2 main engine. The engine had posted a "major component failure," caused by the sensor glitch, about 0.6 seconds after
ignition. "This condition," noted NASA's official STS-51 Mission Report, "caused a miscompare which violated the Launch Commit Criteria … As a result of the failure, the engines were shut down and safing activities were initiated."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Shortly thereafter, the five astronauts disembarked from Discovery, aware from
</span><a href="http://www.americaspace.com/?p=32859"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">previous Redundant Set Launch Sequencer (RSLS) aborts</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">that their launch had been called off for several weeks at best. The main engines were replaced and an attempt was provisionally scheduled for 10 September, but this was itself slipped
by two days, as a result of the failure on 21 August of NASA's Mars Observer, shortly before its arrival at the Red Planet. During the early investigation into the loss of Mars Observer, it was revealed that the spacecraft's Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS)—a near-identical
booster to that of STS-51's primary payload, the $363 million Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS)—had exhibited a transistor failure. During the additional two days' delay, engineers and managers verified that there was no commonality between
the Mars Observer fault and ACTS.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Liftoff of the long-delayed mission finally took place at 7:45 a.m. EDT on the 12th, and a nominal ascent placed Discovery into the intended orbit. Years later, Jim Newman recalled his first experience
of flying in space. "When we first got to orbit, it was exhilarating," he told a NASA interviewer. "I can remember getting out of my seat and going to the windows in the aft flight deck. The orbiter was upside-down, so that we were able to look and see the
Earth, 'beneath' us. If you've ever seen the IMAX movies, they <i>almost</i> capture it all, but to be
<i>floating—</i>to be seeing the Earth with my own eyes—was really spectacular!"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Within two hours, the payload bay doors were open, exposing STS-51's twin-satellite cargo space environment for the first time. At the rear end of the bay, the ACTS-TOS combination represented
one of the most advanced communications satellites ever inserted into orbit. ACTS' purpose was to serve as a testbed for the development of high-risk advanced communications satellite technologies, employing sophisticated antenna beams and on-board switching
and processing systems and bringing together government, academia, and industry. Specifically, the satellite operated across three channels within the 30/20 GHz Ka-band, which boasted 2.5 GHz of available spectrum—some five times that available at lower-frequency
bands—and very high-gain, multiple-hopping beam antennas which permitted smaller-aperture Earth stations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Attached to the base of ACTS was the TOS booster, making its second flight after Mars Observer and its first and only flight aboard the shuttle. On STS-51, the TOS was tasked with delivering the
payload into an elliptical geosynchronous transfer orbit. In readiness for the release of the payload, Discovery's aft flight deck was a hive of activity on the first day of the mission, with deployment anticipated eight hours after launch, at 3:43 p.m. EDT,
on the sixth orbit. The astronauts checked out the TOS' critical systems and unlatched and rotated the upper forward cradle into its "open" configuration, after which the entire payload was elevated to an angle of 42 degrees.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), mounted onto its Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS) booster, drifts serenely away from Discovery after deployment. Photo Credit: NASA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">However, deployment was postponed by another orbit, lasting 90 minutes, when orbiter S-band forward-link communications with Mission Control were lost. Flight controllers could receive telemetry
and voice communications from Discovery, but not vice-versa. The astronauts followed their malfunction protocols, waved off the planned deployment, and changed the S-band to a lower frequency. This restored communications after 45 minutes. Deployment finally
took place at 5:13 p.m. EDT, about 9.5 hours into the mission. Under the direction of Walz and Newman, a "Super*Zip" separation mechanism was fired and springs on the aft cradle of the TOS pushed the payload away from the shuttle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">It later became clear from video footage that extensive damage had been caused to the expanding tube assembly and doublers on the Super*Zip ring. Debris included sharp-edged metal and other non-metallic
materials, and well over half of the expanding tube assembly was recorded as being "no longer restrained to the airborne support equipment." Investigations revealed that the primary and backup separation "cords" of the Super*Zip ring were fired simultaneously
and, despite concern about potential damage to the orbiter, it was determined that the payload bay liners and thermal blankets could sustain impacts from the expanding tube assembly fragments if they came loose during re-entry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">In mid-October 1993, an investigative board was established by Jeremiah Pearson, NASA's associate administrator for space flight, to identify the cause of the Super*Zip incident. The board found
a total of 36 debris hits in Discovery's mid-body and aft bulkhead areas, resulting in tears, gouges, scratches, and the deposition of residue on several surfaces. One area of penetration passed
<i>through</i> the aft bulkhead itself. "None of the debris hits had any effect during the flight," noted NASA's post-flight summary, "and all damage sites will be repaired during turnaround operations."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">With the deployment of ACTS behind them, the STS-51 astronauts pressed on with the remainder of their mission, which, although scheduled for nine days, was expected to be extended to a "highly
desirable" 10 days. The crew's second major payload was the German-built Shuttle Pallet Satellite, which had flown on two previous missions, but which was being carried for the first time in its new "ASTRO-SPAS" configuration. Unlike its first-generation predecessor,
ASTRO-SPAS had the capability to remain in autonomous free-flight for up to 10 days, commanded by the mobile German SPAS Payload Operations Centre (SPOC). The power for the satellite and its payloads came from a new lithium-sulphate battery pack and precise
attitude-control was provided by a three-axis-stabilised cold-gas system, a star tracker, and a space-borne global-positioning system (GPS) receiver.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The satellite's precise attitude-control capabilities enabled it to support sensitive astronomical and Earth-observation sensors, with several missions planned. Two of these would carry a set of
infrared telescopes and spectrometers to examine the upper atmosphere, one was scheduled (but never flown) to demonstrate advanced automated rendezvous and capture technologies in support of Space Station Freedom, and two others—including the ASTRO-SPAS aboard
STS-51—carried the Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS). This instrument, with a large telescope, was designed to investigate very hot and very cold matter in the universe, combined with an Interstellar Medium Absorption
Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS). Also affixed to the ASTRO-SPAS framework was a surface effects sample monitor to evaluate several future telescope material samples and a remote IMAX camera.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">As the mission progressed, not only would the STS-51 astronauts successfully deploy and retrieve ORFEUS, but they would also support an ambitious spacewalk, during which Walz and Newman supported
preparations for the daunting repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. In so doing, Frank Culbertson's crew established their mission as one which demonstrated virtually all of the shuttle's myriad capabilities. And it demonstrated them in style.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">In the entirety of its 30-year operational career, none of the voyages of the space shuttle could be truly described as "ordinary" and certainly not "routine." Twenty years ago this week, five
men launched into orbit aboard Discovery on one of the most extraordinary flights in history. The extraordinary nature of their flight began before they even lifted off, when they fell victim to a harrowing
</span><a href="http://www.americaspace.com/?p=32859"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">launch pad abort</span></i></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">. During
their 10 days in space, Commander Frank Culbertson, Pilot Bill Readdy, and Mission Specialists Jim Newman, Dan Bursch, and Carl Walz launched an advanced NASA communications satellite, deployed and retrieved an ultraviolet observatory, performed an ambitious
spacewalk, and executed the first night-time landing of the shuttle era at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Launched on 12 September 1993, Culbertson's crew completed their first major objective about 9.5 hours into the mission, by deploying the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), as
described in </span><a href="http://www.americaspace.com/?p=42045"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">yesterday's history article</span></i></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">.
Their second payload was the German-built Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), which had flown on two previous missions, but which was being carried for the first time in its new "ASTRO-SPAS" configuration. Unlike its first-generation predecessor, ASTRO-SPAS had
the capability to remain in autonomous free-flight for up to 10 days, commanded by the mobile German SPAS Payload Operations Centre (SPOC). The power for the satellite and its payloads came from a new lithium-sulphate battery pack, and precise attitude-control
was provided by a three-axis-stabilised cold-gas system, a star tracker, and a space-borne global-positioning system (GPS) receiver.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The satellite's precise attitude-control capabilities enabled it to support sensitive astronomical and Earth-observation sensors, with several missions planned. Two of these would carry a set of
infrared telescopes and spectrometers to examine the upper atmosphere, one was scheduled (but never flown) to demonstrate advanced automated rendezvous and capture technologies in support of Space Station Freedom, and two others—including the ASTRO-SPAS aboard
STS-51—carried the Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS). This instrument, with a large telescope, was designed to investigate very hot and very cold matter in the universe, combined with an Interstellar Medium Absorption
Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS). Also affixed to the ASTRO-SPAS framework was a surface effects sample monitor to evaluate several future telescope material samples and a remote IMAX camera.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Of these, ORFEUS—which extended to a length of 8 feet through the middle of the ASTRO-SPAS satellite—was by far the largest instrument. It was to observe the far and extreme ultraviolet, a region
of the electromagnetic spectrum obscured from ground-based astronomers by the atmosphere. ORFEUS was expected to add a great deal to scientific understanding of the life-cycles of celestial objects by studying hot stellar atmospheres and white dwarfs, together
with supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, and star-forming clouds of gas and dust. Operating alongside the telescope, IMAPS continued an earlier series of experiments aboard high-altitude sounding rockets to observe galactic objects and examine the
fine structure of interstellar gas lines. During orbital operations, ORFEUS' two spectrometers—far and extreme—were operated alternately, by "flipping" a mirror into the beam reflected off the instrument's primary mirror.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Deployment required Dan Bursch to operate Discovery's Remote Manipulator System (RMS) mechanical arm, whilst Jim Newman monitored the health of the ORFEUS-SPAS systems from the aft flight deck.
After powering up the payload, command and data links were established and the SPOC guided ORFEUS-SPAS through a lengthy pre-deployment checkout. Its gyros were calibrated whilst still berthed, its data tape recorder was reset, and Bursch prepared to raise
the satellite above the payload bay. Preparations were slightly hampered by problems transmitting command files, which forced a one-orbit delay. When all was ready, Bursch released ORFEUS-SPAS from the arm at 11:05 a.m. EDT on 13 September, a little more than
a day into the mission, and the satellite drifted into the inky blackness. Frank Culbertson performed a separation manoeuvre to draw the shuttle to a distance of about 12 miles "ahead" of ORFEUS-SPAS. Under SPOC control, the satellite performed an inertial
"attitude hold," then a second gyro calibration, and the IMAX camera began recording spectacular images of the departing Discovery.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">For the next six days—far longer than earlier SPAS missions—the payload remained in free flight, with the shuttle acting as a relay station to transmit ground commands from SPOC controllers to
the satellite and vice versa. At length, on 19 September, the final maneuvers to recapture ORFEUS-SPAS got underway, five and a half hours ahead of retrieval, and with Discovery then in a position about 30 miles "behind" its quarry. Closing at an approximate
rate of around nine miles per orbit, Culbertson executed four mid-course correction burns and finally took manual control of the orbiter for the final moments of the rendezvous. Meanwhile, an automatic laser range-finder in the payload bay and a second, hand-held,
device, operated by Bill Readdy, provided data on distances and rates of closure. Finally, at 9:49 a.m. EDT, Bursch grappled the satellite with the RMS arm. The first flight of ORFEUS-SPAS had achieved more than 100 percent of its pre-launch scientific objectives.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Between the deployment and retrieval of ORFEUS-SPAS, a six-hour spacewalk to build up NASA's EVA experience base in readiness for the construction of Space Station Freedom was conducted on 16 September
by Carl Walz and Jim Newman. One of its primary goals was to "evaluate several tools that may be used during the servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope," including "a power socket wrench, a torque wrench, foot restraints, safety tethers, and tool holders."
Although the RMS arm was aboard, it was not to be used as part of the EVA trials, since it was committed to the ORFEUS-SPAS retrieval.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Preparatory work began on the second day of the mission, when the cabin pressure was reduced to permit "pre-breathing" protocols and Walz and Newman commenced standard checks of their space suits
and tools. Early on the 16th, they donned the suits and underwent leak checks, a nitrogen purge and—a little earlier than intended—started their 40-minute period of pre-breathing. The airlock hatch into Discovery's payload bay opened at 4:39 a.m. EDT, and
the spacewalkers proceeded directly into their EVA timeline, with Walz examining debris from the Super*Zip malfunction. He verified Mission Control's consensus that the debris appeared sufficiently stable for landing, since it was securely held down in two
places, and it was considered more prudent to leave it alone, rather than risk damaging their space suits from contact with sharp metal edges.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Working through their tasks, Walz and Newman—who were both first-time astronauts, as well as first-time spacewalkers—found that operating in the microgravity environment, suited, was far easier
than it had been in the Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) water tank at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas. An attempt to use the power tool in a high-torque evaluation was slightly delayed by a low-battery warning, which prompted
Newman to return to the airlock for a spare, and the men opined that the mini work stations on the RMS offered "very little restraint for the torque operations." Later, Newman evaluated a portable foot restraint
</span><a href="http://www.americaspace.com/?p=24910"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">for the Hubble mission</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">and found that it was much harder to egress the device than it had been in ground simulations. The astronauts returned to the airlock after seven hours and five minutes outside. In their
post-flight debriefing, Walz and Newman stressed the importance of thermal vacuum chamber tests as part of EVA training.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Discovery's landing at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) was planned for the morning of 21 September, but was postponed due to unacceptable weather forecasts in the vicinity of the Shuttle Landing
Facility (SLF) runway. Both opportunities for that day were called off, but 22 September proved more acceptable and Culbertson and Readdy performed the deorbit burn at 2:55 a.m. EDT, committing Discovery to its hour-long hypersonic glide home. The orbiter
landed safely on Runway 15 at 3:56 a.m. and enjoyed a smooth drag chute deployment and rollout, punctuated by an earlier-than-intended APU shutdown when burning plumes were observed from the port-side exhaust ducts. Although seen on previous missions and not
deemed abnormal, the plumes appeared more dramatic since Discovery landed at night. After more than two months of delays, the shuttle fleet was back in action.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">In many ways, the accomplishments of STS-51—multiple satellite deployments, coupled with the intricacies of orbital rendezvous and station-keeping, spacewalking, scientific experiments, and nocturnal
launches or landings—continued to lay the groundwork for the requirements of many shuttle missions in the following years. Many of the tasks completed by Frank Culbertson and his crew would prove important in a very pivotal sense as NASA proceeded into the
shuttle-Mir effort and began moving toward the construction and on-orbit maintenance of today's International Space Station.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">END<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="section1"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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--Apple-Mail-3-141945551--